SSC1 Part 3 of 4

General Education Social Sciences

93 cards·by fuji

ssc1wgusocial sciences

The scientific method implies that researchers?..

do their work with a set of attitudes that include doubt- objectivity- and ethical neutrality.

The scientific method involves a specific technique base on precise and systematic observation and recording of data?which includes??..

Defining a Problem Plan for Data Collection Statement of Hypothesis Collection of Data Classification of Data Analysis of Data Verification-

Scientific method must be performed ?..

under controlled conditions by trained observers

What is a concept?

Abstract ways of classifying things that are similar

What is a theory?..

sets of conccepts arranged so as to explain or predict possible and probable relationships among phenomena.

What is research?.

data collection to test and bolster or refute theories.

A method of research consisting of a detailed- long-term investigation of a single social unit.

case study

A generalized idea about people- objects- or processes that are related to one another

concept

A survey of a broad spectrum of a population at a specific point in time

cross-section

An attitude of the scientific method in the social sciences- requiring that scientists not pass moral judgement.

ethical neutrality

A method of research in which the researcher controls and manipulates variables in one group to test the effects of an independent variable

experiment

A tentative statement- in clearly defined terms- predicting a relationship between variables

hypothesis

A survey that continues over a long period of time- engaging and contrasts and comparison.

longitudinal

A principle of the scientific method- especially in the social sciences- requiring researchers to divest themselves of personal attitude- de

objectivity

A method of research in which researchers try to take part in the lives of the members of the group under analysis- sometimes with-out revea

participant observation

In the social sciences- a statistical concept referring to the totality of phenomena under investigation (e.g. all college students in a fou

population

An aspect of scientific methodology that bolsters and complements theories. In the social sciences four fundamental formats are used: The sa

research

A method of research consisting of an attempt to determine the occurrence of a particular act or opinion in a particular sample of people

sample survey

A set of concepts arranged so as to explain and/or predict possible and probable relationships

theory

Factors whose relationships researchers try to uncover- characteristics that differ in each individual case

variables

What four formats are fundamentally used in social science research? PECS

sample survey Case Study Experiment Participant Observation

A teachers task is guiding and directing the childs activity

Vygotsky

Children Learn by solving Problems with the help of a teacher.

Vygotsky

Mixed ability groupings are essential because the more advanced child can act as a tutor.

Vygotsky

Students must construct knowledge and unerstand it in their own minds - interaction is critical.

Vygotsky

School learning should occur in a meaningful context - hands on meaningful learning.

Vygotsky

Relate out of school experience to school experience (ie study of ones home town).

Vygotsky

Look at each child as an individual.

Vygotsky

Children should play- experiment- and reason to learn.

Piaget

Humans can't be given information they immediately understand.

Piaget

Humans construct their own knowledge through experimentation.

Piaget

Experience enables children to construct schemes

Piaget

Schemes can be altered thru assimilation- accomodation- and equilibrium.

Piaget

Teachers should base instructional delivery and assessments on schemes the students already know.

Piaget

Children should have hands on experiements so they can see and touch their project.

Piaget

Teachers should understand each developmental stage.

Piaget

A preschool teacher can't have the same environment as a middle school teacher.

Piaget

Teachers shouldn't talk to students- they should check in with them for understanding.

Piaget

Teachers shouldn't talk to students- they should check in with them for understanding.

Piaget

"He coined the phrase ""Identity Crisis"""

Erikson

Did not have a BA but served as a professor of Harvard and Yale.

Erikson

Was acquanted with Anna Freud- daughter of sigmund freud- that?s how he became interested in psychology.

Erikson

Became the first child psychoanalyst in Boston.

Erikson

Went beyond Freud's 5 stages of development and went to 8 stages.

Erikson

Developed the theory of personality

Erikson

Learning always precedes development.

Vygotsky

Private speech helps internalize knowledge.

Vygotsky

Development always follows the childs potential to learn.

Vygotsky

Intelectual development results from an active dynamic interplay between a child and their environment.

Piaget

Social Development is a product of cognitive maturation and experience.

Piaget

Type of Theory - Development always precedes learning. Children must first meet a certain maturation level before learning can occur.

Constructivism

Type of Theory - Learning and development cannot be seperated but instead occur simultaneously.

Behaviorism

Type of Theory - Learning is Development

Behaviorism

Type of Theory - Learning and development are separate but interactive processes. One process always prepares the other process and vice ver

Gestaltism

what does Gestalt Mean

Essence or form

Type of Theory - The human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts.

Gestaltism

Type of Theory - The whole is greater that the sum of the parts.

Gestaltism

Gestalt laws of grouping.

1. Law of Proximity 2. Law of Similarity 3. Law of closure 4. Law of symmetry 5. Law of common fate 6. Law of Continuity 7. Law of good gesa

Each stage of development is marked by conflict- for which successful resolution will result in favourable outcomes.

Erikson

Known for the Psychosocial Development of Humans.

Erikson

Type of Theory - To do with evolution (not all the views are from C. D. )

Darwinism

He established that all species of life have decended over time from common ancestors with his proposed scientific theory of Natural Selecti

Darwin

His unifying theory of the life sciences- explains the diversity of life.

Darwin

Carl Marx and Max Webber were known as

Founders of Social Science.

How is Vygotsky's cognitive development theory different than Piagets?

Vygotsky did not use stages

What did Vygotsky think was an important concept about development.

1. Development always follows the childs potential to learn. 2 Learning always precedes development.

How did Vygotsky view the importance of language.

He felt that speech was critical for development and learning.

How did Vygotsky view the importance of socialization?

He felt that knowledge was transmitted through social interaction.

What did Vygotsky use in his cognitive development theory.

the Zone of Proximal Learning or ZPD and Scaffolding.

Describe the ZPD.

the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. (ZPD=learner can do with guidance).

Describe Scaffolding.

Scaffolding is changing the level of support to suit the cognitive potential of the child.During a teaching session a skilled person adjusts

Vygotsky's theory suggests that learning_______ development.

Precedes

The study of human group behavior is the definition of:

sociology

Max Weber believed that:

class is closely related to life chances

The notion that social institutions reinforce and legitimize class divisions is derived from:

Karl Marx

Political science has taken a turn toward the social sciences in its studies of:

the social impact of government on groups and individuals

The most fundamental factor(s) in stratification is (are):

education and income

The discipline that studies such disparate subjects as the environment- religion- politics- criminality- organization- and so on- is:

sociology

The social science that deals with human use of the natural environment is:

geography

The structural-functionalist explanation of social stratification asserts that:

there is a limited number of skilled- talented people; thus- they should be rewarded

Which are the dimensions of stratification?

Class- status- and power

Social Darwinists believed that:

only the strongest persons should control the resources of a society

Marx's view of social class is that:

private ownership of the means of production perpetuates class divisions

During the Enlightenment of the 18th century:

a number of scholars believed human social life could be studied scientifically

Scientific theories:

are open to challenge

An anthropologist living with a group of people and engaging in some of their rituals is using the following research method:

participant observation

Once a social scientist has formulated the hypothesis- what is the next step of the scientific method?

Developing a research design

A theory is a:

set of concepts and generalizations

The social sciences have:

problems conducting laboratory experiments- as do the natural sciences.

Scientific conclusions are:

relative to time and place of study and subject to revision

An intensive study of an individual or a small group is made by using the following research method:

case study

History is often NOT considered a social science because:

its primary concern is to record events of the past

Experiments are:

based on controlling a variable and observing the results