Cells Stuff

35 cards·by Estelle.Adler

Study this deck

The first occurance in prophase is?

DNA is supercoiled.

What does the coiling of DNA make?

Sister chromatids

The chromosomes of each parent exist in pairs called:

Homologues, or homologous chromosomes

The answer to this question is synapsis.

How do chromosomes pair up in meiosis 1?

Sister chromatids are held together at the:

centromere

Tetrads form in:

prophase 1

Homologues separate in:

Anaphase 1

Dyads align at the spindle equator in:

Metaphase 2

Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes in:

Anaphase 2

Dyads move to poles in:

Anaphase 1

Tetrads align at the spindle equator in:

Metaphase 1

Crossing over occurs in:

Prophase 1

Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope fragments in:

Prophase 2

In telophase 1, daughter nuclei are called what?

haploid, becuase they each have one duplicated chromosome from the homologous pairs.

Carcinomas are cancers of the:

organs

sarcomas are cancers of the:

muscles

leukemias are cancers of the:

blood

basal cell carcinomas are cancers of the:

skin

melanomas are cancers of the:

melanocytes in the skin

When a tumor splits and spreads it's called:

metastasis

A benign tumor is:

encapsuled

A malignant tumor undergoes:

matastasis

For cancer, surgery is used to:

remove the cancer

For cancer, radiation therapy is used to:

kill cancerous cells

How does radiation therapy affect cancerous cells?

It damages their DNA

For cancer, chemotherapy is used to:

kill metatastisized cancer cells

For cancer, hormonal therapy is used to:

interrupt the signals that cause cell division

What are proto-oncogenes?

Codes for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis

What are tumor suppressor genes?

inhibitors of the cell cycle and stimulators for apoptosis

When a mutation occurs in a proto-oncogene, what is created?

A cancer causeing gene called oncogenes.

A gain-of-function reaction is when:

proto-oncogenes are mutated into oncogenes

Loss-of-function mutation:

mutations in tumor-suppression genes

Telomere length determines:

the cell's life span

What is angiogenesis?

The birth of new blood vessels to feed cancerous tumors

PCR can be used to conduct:

DNA fingerprinting