Chapter 4

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Similarities of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Cell membrane; Plasma membrane; DNA

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes- DNA

P- nuclear region not surrounded by a membrane; E- nucleus surrounded by membrane

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes- Chromosomes

P- single circular chromosomes; E- paired chromosomes

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes- Histones

P- lack histones; E- histone proteins

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes- Cell walls

P- peptidoglycan; E- cellulose and chitin

Arrangements of Prokaryotes

Diplococci (pairs); Streptococci (chains); Bacilli (rod chains); Staph (cocci clusters)

Unique arrangements of prokaryotes

Tetrad (4); Sarcinae (3D square 8); Rosette (flower like); Stella; Square

Cell wall of prokaryotes- function

maintain shape; prevent cell from bursting

Cell wall of prokaryotes- teichoic acid

gram positive bacteria; attachment site for bacteriophages and passageway for movement in/out of cell

Acid fast bacteria

cell wall of lipid; stain positive

Internal structure of prokaryotes- Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Internal structure of prokaryotes- Nucleoid

consists of DNA, RNA, and protein

Internal structure of prokaryotes- Inclusions

granules; vesicles

External structures- flagella

extend beyond cell wall

External structures- pili

tiny, hollow projections, not involved in movement

External structures- capsules

protective structure outside cell wall

External structures- magnetosomes

respond of magnetic fields

Eukaryotic structure- Mitochondria

cellular respiration to make ATP

Eukaryotic structure- nucleus

transcription and translation

Similarities between mitochondria and cholorplasts

double membrane; own DNA & ribosomes; size of prokaryotic cell; affected by same antibiotics; divide by binary fission

Eukaryotic structure- rough ER

ribosomes; protein transport

Eukaryotic structure- smooth ER

produces lipids

Eukaryotic structure- smooth ER

produces lipids

Eukaryotic structure- golgi apparatus

packs and processes proteins

Eukaryotic structure- Passive transport

high to low; no energy

Eukaryotic structure- Active transport

low to high; ATP required