Anthropology Final - Vocabulary

An agreement made before participating in research underlining exactly everythingthatwill happen in the experiment.

Global connectivity that can be seen through international trade, politics, etc.

Enculturation

a society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions.

The process by which a society’s culture is passed between the generations.

A group of people in a common territory bound by a sense of common identity

The cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation betweenthe sexes

A distinctive set of ideas, values, and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates while sharing common standards

Explain ethnic groups an ethnicities.

A society in which two/more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultdifs

An example of a symbol and what it is?

What are rule-governed relationships that hold members of a society together?

What's an infrastructure?

Religions and national ideology are examples of _____________.

A complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enables people to survive and even thrive in their environment.

The idea that one must suspend judgment of other people’s practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms

An old term used to distinguish the artistic traditions of rural people and the elite

A sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of the human existence

A story about a memorable event/figure handed down by tradition, told as true withouthistorical evidence

When was the Upper Paleolithic?

Which period did the Cro-Magnons live in?

What are the two hypothesis about human origins?

When and where was the Aurignacian tradition used?

A technique of stone tool manufacture in which long, parallel-sided flakes are struck off the edges of a specially prepared core

A stone tool manufacturing technique in which a tool is used to press, rather than strike off,small flakes from a piece of stone.

What is a stone tool with chisel-like edges used to work bone and antler?

The greater Australian landmass (+ New Guinea and Tasmania)

The combined landmass of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali that was connected with mainland SEAsia during times of low sea levels.

Paleoindians

A system composed of the natural environment and all organisms living within it

Cultural change over time, though not necessary progress.

The notion that humans move forward to a better, more advanced stage of development/toward perfection

The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions bydifferent people with different ancestral cultures.

The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions bypeoples whose ancestral cultures were alike

A geographic region in which a number of cultures follow similar patterns of life

Cultural features that are fundamental in the society’s way of making its living

During which period did the domestication of plants and animals occur and when was it

The domestication of plants/animals and the settlement of villages made up the....

What is the cultivation of crops carried out with simple tools?

Swidden Farming is also known as...

The period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic; the Archaic Cultures in the Americas.

Small stone blades hafted together in handles/shafts made of wood/bone/antlers to make tools

Who lived in the Middle East during the Mesolithic, between 10,000-12,500 years ago?

Any new idea, method, or device that gains widespread acceptance in society

The creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method, or device.

Someone decides to repurpose an old newspaper and wear it as a hat. This is an example of:

The evolutionary process that gave me my cute little cat?

The cultivation of domesticated root crops and an example?

What is a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people?

"Blood relatives"

Affinal kin

Why Wincest totally squicks me out (and would rightfully do so in just about every culture in the world?)

Endogamy

Exogamy

The only kind of marriage legal across the board here in the good ol US of A

Like what Taylor Swift does with boyfriends, only with husbands/wives and probably without the music

This type of marital relationship focused on in Big Love

The most common form of polygamy, in which a husband has many wives.

A form of polygamy originally thought to be a lot less common than it is known to be today, involving a wife with multiple husbands

A marriage between several men and women who all have sexual access to one another

A woman in a specific African tribe marries a deceased warrior by proxy through his brother. This is:

Child of a mother's brother or a father's sister

Child of a father's brother or a mother's sister

A man offers his future wife's family $1000 and 50 cows. This is an example of:

A designated period of time when a groom works for his bride's family

The payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her wedding, either to her or her husband.

A family established by marriage

A family of "blood relatives"

A group consisting of two parents and their offspring

Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together in a large domestic group

A group of relatives within which individuals possess mutual rights and obligations

My family can be traced back to the earliest pilgrim settlers, so I say that we are all a part of that same...

This is what matrilineal and patrilineal descent groups fall under

A unilineal kinship group that descended from a common ancestor that can be traced back 4-6generations ago

An extended unilineal kinship that includes several lineages, all of which claim descent from a remote ancestor

The belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects

A unilineal descent group composed of 2+ clans that claim to share common ancestry (whether this is true or not)

Each group that results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent.

An individual’s close blood relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his or her family.

A system of kinship reckoning that emphasizes the nuclear family and lumps everyone else in catagories like uncle, aunt, and cousin.

A system used to group relatives all under the same term.

The confusing one with father+brother/mother+sister going by a single term, but theneverything else going differently and oh god tl;dr

An organized category of people based on age

What a group of kids who grew up and went to school together in a small town would be considered

An example of this: tumblr fandoms

A society with a hierarchal division and ranks in social strata/layers

What hunter-gatherer bands and all humans were until we decided to agglomerate and wreak havoc on the Earth

As a broke unknown college kid, I am not in the same ____________ as a wealthy, famous actor

If we were born in a family of middle-class entrepreneurs and stuck there for the rest of our lives, we would be stuck in a specific _______

We can elevate ourselves to a higher position in society or we could lower ourselves just as easily. This is _______ __________.

H. habilis' tool tradition

H. erectus' superior answer to H. habilis' stupid tradtion

H. neandertalanesis' tools (it's hard to spell!)

What came after the Mousterian tool kit about 50kya? (it's really hard to spell)

What was one of the cool(ish) artistic intricacies of Mousterian tools (which developed 30kya btw!)?

All humans are capable of the same things no matter how different we may seem to be

An individual's idea of reality or worldview

The animation of the body by a spirit that can animate other things and travel between worlds after death

The Force is a fictional example of what _________ entails.

A series of words, behaviors, and actions that must be repeated precisely

The theory that civilization emerged as a result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems

Theory that civilization was started by the self-serving actions of forceful leaders

The mechanisms of change

What is an acephalous band?

Generalized reciprocity, redistribution of accumulated goods, disparagement of thehunter/hunt (meat-shaming), and gossip are all...

Communal-wide sharing of goods

Gift giving to other groups is representative of...

An organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural

When a society's culture is changed/lost due to the influence of another bigger culture

An organism that spends most of its time living in trees

When eyes are close together, making the visual fields overlap and giving an individual depth perception

Hikikomoriism and social anxiety disorder are examples of

Brain power

Having two of the same alleles

Images that are specific to a culture, including symbols and figures of importance, which are seen in the deepest stage of trance.

Getting other people to do what you want, when you want, and how you want, regardless of what the other people want

Multiple genes that are used to make up a single trait, such as height.

The stone is hit with another one (hammerstone) or against a large one (anvil) to knock off sharp and useful flakes.

When goods go to one central authority that then divides and reallocates the goods at its discretion.

A specific group within a society overthrows the group in power to gain that power for themselves, resulting in a drastic change in the soci

Physical characteristics that differ between the sexes of the same species but are not related to reproduction.

The formation of new species because of isolation and subsequent evolution away from the original population.

A country where people have set up an organized system to control a specific geographical area and the stratified society within that area

Third level of scavenging

Scales in music that are culturally specific.

A system of noting and analyzing facial expressions, postures, and body motions that convey messages

Voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning

Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands

Linguistic branch that studies the relationships between language and culture

The idea that language (to some extent) shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us

The difference between "sup bro" and "hey girl!"

The study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories influence speech

An example of this is France's substitution of foreign words for new French words

The smallest units of sound that cary a meaning in language

The study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language

the aptterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences

The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax

A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language

The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language

The study of language sounds

The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language

The durable aspects of a culture, such as tools, structures, and art

A non-portable element such as a hearth or an architectural element such as a wall that is preserved in the archaeological record

The study of how bones and other materials came to be preserved in the earth as fossils

A refuse/garbage disposal area in an archaeological site

A system for recording data in three dimensions for an archaeological excavation

Layered' term to describe archaeological sites where teh remains lie in layers, one upon another.

Preserved fecal matter

A cast of the inside of a skull

PA technique for amplifying or creating multiple copies of fragments of DNA for lab study

A relative dating method that employs the use of strata. The first strata would be the oldest, deepest layer, etc.

Methods of dating that require use of chemical and physical properties to find an accurate date in numbers for an object

A method of dating based on the amount of fluorine in bones (which is proportionate to their age)

Examination of tree growth rings for dating purposes

A relative dating technique that places objects into a sequence in relations to one another

The starting point for a grid system

Concern for the welfare of others expressed as increased risk undertaken by individuals for the good of the group

Tending to promote social cohesion

Having the ability to grasp

A species' way of life considered in the full context of its environment

A large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes and connects to the brain

Using the arms to move from branch to branch, with the body hanging suspended beneath the arms

2-1-2-3 dental formula with Y5 molars on lower jaw

2-1-3-3 dental formula

The taxonomic subfamily that includes humans and our ancestors

A suborder of the primates that includes New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans

A taxonomic grouping that contains a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

A general level of biological organization seen among a group of species; useful for constructing evo-relationships

Gradual changes in the frequency of an allele or trait over space

Natural selection acting to promote stability rather than change in a population's gene pool

A series of beneficial adjustments to the environment

Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population

A particular form of genetic drift deriving from a small founding population not possessing all the alleles present in the original populati

The introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another

An observable expression of a gene

The alleles possessed for a particular gene

Process of conversion of instructions from DNA into RNA

Alternate forms of a single gene

Protien that initiates and directs chemical reactions

The complete structure sequence of DNA for a species

One half of the "x" shape of chromosomes visible once replication is complete

Three-base sequence of a gene that specifies a particular amino acid for inclusion in a protein

Mendelian principle that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations

Different traits are inherited independently of one another

The smallest working units in the system of classification

A group of like species

Structures possessed by different organisms that are similar due to similar function, but don't share a developmental pathway/structure

Structures possessed by two different organisms that arise in a similar fashion and go through similar stages of development

Movement away from the midline of the body or from the center of the hand or foot

Movement toward the midline of the body or to the center of the hand or foot

Our earliest human ancestors seemed to be

A genus that of human ancestors, including the Taung child

A bony crest running along the skull that provides a surface for the attachment of large temporal chewing muscles

Australopithecus species that possess a more lightly built chewing apparatus. May haveeaten more meat than its counterparts.

Several Australopithecus species that had a very "rugged" chewing apparatus

When two closely related species compete for the same niche, one will out-compete the other and cause the latter's extinction

The opening of the skull that accommodates the tongue-controlling hypoglossal nerve

Bright pulsating forms that are generated by the central nervous system and seen in states of trance

Describing the expression of genetic variants in different frequencies in different populations of a species

Describing species with alternative forms (alleles) of particular genes

An example of polymorphism

A human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in time of food shortage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen

The chemical responsible for dark skin pigmentation

Long-term physiological adjustments made in order ot attain an equilibrium with a specific environmental stimulus

A short-term physiological change in response to a specific environmental stimulus

A physical difference among related people from distinct generations

The wide variation between the age of menarche is an example of

A cyclic expansion and contraction of the blood vessels of the limbs that balances releasing enough heat to prevent frostbite

People in colder climates are shorter rounder than people in warmer climates

People in colder climates have shorter limbs than those in warmer climates

A disease that is widespread within a population

Physical/psychological harm caused by exploitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems

A difference in the health status between the wealthy elite and the poor in stratified societies

Childrearing practices that foster independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement

The character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a social group and are therefore the most representative of its culture

The values especially promoted by a particular culture

A showy display of wealth for social prestige

The way power is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally distributed and embedded in society

A small, loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a common territory

A range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry etc.

Two ore more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people

The right of political leaders to govern on the socially accepted customs, rules, or laws that bind and hold a people together

Control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals

External control through open coercion

An externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms. Positives can be awards and titles, negatives can be fines

Mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision

A ritual that marks an important stage in an individual's life cycle, such as birth, marriage, and death

A ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the group and serves to bind individuals together

An explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm

An example of this would be attempting to tell the future by interpreting omens

The abandonment of an existing practice or trait

The blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms