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Unit 1.3.3 Networks
47 cards·by gurundus
How are devices conected to the network?
Each device must be connected to the network via a Network Interface Card (NIC), or equivalent
circuitry built into their motherboads
Aside from a NIC what must a device in a network have?
Every device connected to the network must have a means of being uniquely identifiable, so
that messages intended for that device reach it.
What is the advantage of using Private Networks?
It gives control of Security, Software provision and Availabilty of the service.
What are the disadvantages of using Private Networks?
They require a team of specialist staff, to maintain it as well as ensure its security.
What are the methods used to avoid risks are minimized when using private networks?
System redundancy, Backups, Failover systems and disaster recovery plan.
How big are MAC Addresses?
They are 48-bit identifiers, usually quoted in 6 pairs of hexadecimal numbers, for example
09:01:17:0E:21:B8
What do the numbers in a MAC address mean?
The first 3 octets identify the manufacturer of the equipment, and the rest are allocated in a
unique method.
How do determine where to send packets according to a table of neighbouring networks?
according to a table of neighbouring networks or using an algorithm to determine the most
efficient step for the packet.
What information does a router have that is useful for determining the shortest route for a
packet to get to it's intended location?
Each router knows which other routers are closest to it and by sharing information it allows
the optimum route for a packet to be calculated
How do smaller routers in homes differ from other routers?
They connect computers to the Internet Service Provider (ISP).
what kind of routers do those who run the infrastructure of the internet and larger
organisations?
they use very powerful and high speed routers which direct traffic accordingly
How far can a connection be made using WAP?
100 metres
What is a disadvantage of using WAP?
Because connections can be made from 100 meters away that leaves a high risk of signal
interception
What are some of the methods employed with WAP to circumvent attack?
Hiding the SSID, Encrytion and Limited Access
What is the type of encryption used by WAP?
WPA or WPA2/PSK which uses single use cryptographic keys. WEP is now easy to intercept.
What are the different types of network topology?
Bus, Star and Mesh
What is the disadvantage of using Bus network topology?
This network has a limited size as the backbone is typically made of copper and hence suffers
from attenuation over a distance.
What is the most common network topology?
Star Network
What is the advantage of using Star networks?
easy addition of extra nodes, and is far more robust than a single backbone would be
What do Bus networks requires that can be disadvantagous?
They requre terminators at either end in order to prevent data reflection and increased data
collisions.
why are ring networks used?
to solve the issue of data collisions by sending data in a single direction
What is the disadvantage of using ring topology?
data passes through all machines, which could be a security concern if the packets were to be
inspected
What are the different extents of networks?
LAN, WAN, SAN, MAN and PAN.
What are the two main network model?
Client-server and peer-to-peer
What is the most common network mode and why?
client-server because it separates out functions and therefore a more effcient way of
managing resources
How does the client-server model work?
It works on two separate "classes" of computer, where the server is a machine providing
services to a client.
What is the benefit of using Peer-to-Peer?
it is cheaper to implement, and server-less file sharing is made possible.
What would the typical network layering system have in it?
Application layer, Network Layer and Physical Layer
What do the logical components of a protocol consist of?
The logical components tend to consist of the types of error checking used (such as parity or
check digit) or the bit rate.
What does the physical component of the protocol consist of?
Type of wires connecting the computers (parallel or serial), the WiFi frequency, the
modulation used or the type of routing.
What are the four layers of the TCP/IP Stack?
Application, Transport, Internet and Link.
How are IP addresses asigned to devices.
dynamically assigned as devices need them, and the addresses are then released at the end of
the session, this is controlled useing DHCP.
Where are DNS servers used?
private networks as well as across the internet
What are the top level domains TLD's?
top level domains are to the far right of the name such as com uk net or edu.
What are the domains within "www.wikibooks.org.uk"?
"uk" is the TLD, "org" is the second level domain, "wikibooks" is the third level domain.
What is the furthers name to the left?
the furtherst name to the left is the host name, which is the name of the computer where the
resource is originally from.
What is an example of circuit switching?
the way telephone systems used to work.
What is the disadvantage of using circuit switching?
switching is a poor use of resources, as it can require multiple cables which are expensive and
take up large amounts of space.
What are the three processes in a circuit switching session?
connection establishment, data transfer and then connection release.
When is circuit switching used today?
It is an acceptable technology when a long-lasting data stream may be in use.
What are the four catagorys that consistitue network security?
Authentication, Firewalls, Proxies and Encryption
What are extra means of authentication?
card, PIN or captchas.
What is the disadvantage of using user ID or password security?
the details are easy to obtain as people often have to write them down in order to remember them,
and they can be defeated using brute force
How are firewalls put in place?
they can be put in through hardware or software and sometimes a combination of both.
How do firewalls work?
packet filtering will inspect packets as they pass through the firewall, and can reject them
if they match a pattern.
Why is encryption used alot in networking?
It is used massively in networking due to the risk of data interception. keys range from 64 bits
all the way up to 192 bits, which is large
Where else is encryption useful aside from networks?
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks), as the infrastructure is shared with multiple users.