Vitamins

Nutrition chapters 10 and 11

119 cards·by missmissie

vitaminsnutrition

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required tiny amounts to perform a specific function that promotes growth, reproduction, or the maintenance of life

Vitamins

assist enzymes that release energy from macronutrients

coenzyme

Rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Bioavailability

What affects bioavailability

Digestive efficiency, previous nutrient intake, other foods being consumed, method of food prep, source of nutrient

Substances that precede others, Provitamins, compounds that can be converted into active vitamins

Precursors

How is the organic nature of vitamins destroyed

Heat, UV light, oxygen

Water soluble vitamins are absorbed into

Vascular system

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed into

the lymphatic system then carried to the vascular system

Water soluble vitamins are

hydrophilic

Fat soluble vitamins are

Hydrophobic

Water soluble vitamins are transported

freely

Fat soluble vitamins are transported by

protein carriers

Water soluble vitamins cirrculate

in water throughout the body

Fat soluble vitamins are stored

in fat cells

Water soluble vitamins are toxic?

Possible with supplements.

Fat soluble vitamins are toxic?

Likely with supplements

Water soluble vitamins are required

frequently. every 1-3 days

Fat soluble vitamins are required

in periodic doses. Every week to every month

Which water soluble vitamins have tolerable upper levels

Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Choline, Vitamin C

Which Water soluble vitamins are B vitamins

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Biotin, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12

What is another name for Thiamine?

Thiamine pyrophosphate

What is the deficiency disease of Thiamine and its symptoms?

Beriberi. Wet beriberi: edema, enlarged heart, cardiac failure. Dry Beriberi: muscle wasting, high stepping gait

What is the Thiamine deficiency disease for alcoholics?

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Disorientation, loss of short term memory, jerky eye movements, high stepping gait.

What are the two coenzyme forms of riboflavin?

FAD(flavin adinine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavin mononucleotide)

What is the deficiency disease of riboflavin?

Ariboflavinosis. observed with other diseases.

What are the symptoms of ariboflavinosis?

Glossitis(red, swollen tongue), Photophobia(red eyes, sensitive to light), Chielosis(cracks in corner of mouth)

What are the other names for Niacin?

Nitcotinic acid. nicotinamine

What are the coenzyme forms of Niacin?

NAD(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP(phosphate form of of NAD)

What is the deficiency disease of Niacin?

Pellagra: Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis(symmetrical rash), death

What is the toxicity symptom of Niacin?

Niacin Flush: painful flush, rash, hives

What are the symptoms of the deficiency of Biotin?

depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb and tingling, red rash around eyes, nose, and mouth. Hair loss

What protein makes Biotin unavailable for absorption

egg whites

What is the chief function of Pantothenic Acid?

Part of Coenzyme A used in energy metabolism "CoA"

How is Pantothenic Acid destroyed?

Food Processing

What are the other names of Vitamin B6?

Pyridoxal. Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine

What other coenzyme is needed to convert PMP/PLP?

FMN

What are the coenzyme forms of Vitamin B6

PLP(pyridoxal phosphate) PMP(pyridoxamine phosphate)

What are the chief functions of Vitamin B6?

AA and FA metabolism. conversion of trypophan to niacin to seratonin. RBC synthesis. heme synthesis. RNA/DNA synthesis

What are the deficiency of Vitamin B6?

stomatitis(sores on the mouth), cheilosis, glossitis, scaly dermatitis, microcytic anemia, irritability, depression

What are the toxicity symptoms of Vitamin B6?

nerve damage to numbness and muscle weakness to paralysis

What is Vitamin B6's antagonist?

INH (anti-tubercular drug)

What is folate's most vital fuction?

reducing risk of fatal neural tube defects. Also important in DNA synthesis and new cell synthesis

How much folate does a woman of childbearing age need a day? Pregnant women?

400ugs. 600ugs

What does folate occur as in food

polyglutamate

After digestion breaks off the glutamate What is added?

A methyl group

Folate needs what to be activated?

Vitamin B12 and Vitamin B12 needs Folate to be activated

What are the other names for folic acid?

folacin, pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)

What are the coenzyme forms of Folate?

tetrahydrofolate (THF) dihydrofolate (DHF)

What are the chief functions of Folate?

DNA synthesis and new cell formation

What are the deficency symptoms of folate?

macrocytic anemia(large RBCs), glossitis, mental confusion, weakness, irritability, headache

Folate helps smokers by

decreasing the chance of cancer

Folate helps women alcoholics by

decreasing the chance of breast cancer

Vitamin B12 has a single atom of

Cobalt

In the stomach, Vitamin B12 is released by

HCL and Pepsin

B12 binds with what in the stomach?

Intrinsic factor

What releases B12 from the Intrinsic factor?

Calcium and allows B12 to be absorbed into the bloodstream

What are the causes of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Inadequate absorption (lack HCL or Intrinsic), Atrophic gastritis(inflammation of the stomach), Pernicious anemia(genetic)

What is another name for Vitamin B12?

Cobalamin

What is the coenzyme form of Vitamin B12

methylcobalamin, deoxyadenosylcobalamin

What are the main functions of B12?

new cell synthesis, nerve cell maintenance, FA and AA catabolism

What is the only B Vitamin stored extensively in the liver?

B12

What destroys B12?

microwave cooking

How can B12 deficency be treated?

diet, nasal sprays, injections

What is a nitrogen containing compound made from methionine?

Choline

What is the main functions of Choline?

used to make neurotransmitter acetylcholine and lecithin

Is choline essential?

Conditionally essential. Without Choline in diet, synthesis is insufficient to meet needs

What is a Water soluble vitamin that is a nonessential nutrient, made in the body from glucose and used in cell membranes?

Inositol

What is a watersoluble vitamin that is a nonessential nutrient made from lysine?

Carnitine

What are some Vitamin Imposters?

PABA, Bioflavinoids, Pyroloquioline quinone, Orotic Acidm Lipotix Acid, Ubiquinon, Vit O, Vit B15, Vit B17

How much does Vitamin C deplete a day without consumption?

How many days would it take for symptoms of scurvy to become apparent?

40 days

What are the 6 groups the sailors were divided into?

vinegar, sulfuric acid, seawater, oranges and lemons, and a laxative

What was Vitamin C's original name?

antiscorbutic factor

What is another name for Vitamin C?

Ascorbic Acid

What are the primary function of Vit C?

collagen synthesis, antioxidant, thyroxin synthesis, AA metabolism, increase infection resistance, increase iron absorption

What are the deficiency diseases and symptoms of Vitamin C?

microcytic anemia, petechia, bone fragility/pain, decreased wound healing

Does Vitamin C cure a cold?

No Vitamin C acts like an antihistamine and inactivates histamines

What are the Fat soluble Vitamins?

A,D,E,K

What is a water soluble Vitamin A precursor?

Beta-Carotene

What is the major form of Vitamin A that supports reproduction?

Retinol

What is the form of Vitamin A that participates in vision?

Retinal

What is the form of Vitamin A that regulates growth?

Retinoic Acid

How is retinol absorbed?

incorporated into micelles in intestinal walls

How much of Vitamin A is stored in the liver? Where is the rest stored?

70-80%. Remainder: adipocytes, kidneys, ovaries, intestines, heart

How is retinol transported?

by a Retinol binding protein (RBP)

The drying of mucous membranes is?

Xerosis

The softening of the cornea that leads to total blindness is

keratomalacia

Progressive blindness caused by a Vitamin A deficiency and a lack of tear production is?

Xerophthalmia

Vitamin A maintain the integrity of?

mucous membranes and epithelial tissue. Without A the structure and functions are impaired

The accumulation of Keratin in tissue due to a decrease in mucous membrane integrity and a Vit A deficiency is?

keratinization

How does keratinization effect the GI tract?

goblet cells in GI tract diminish in number and activity, results in limited absorption of nutrients

How does keratinization effect skin?

increase risk of infection, skin begins to secrete keratin (inflexible protein)

What are the other names for Vitamin A?

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid, Precursor form: Beta-Carotene

What are the chief functions of Vit A?

vision. maintenance of cornea and retina epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin integrity. bone remodeling. reproduction. immunity

What is the deficiency disease and symptoms of Vit A?

Hypervitaminosis A:night blindness, corneal drying, triangular grey spots on the eye, cornea softening, cornea degredation and blindness

What is the toxixity of Vit A?

Hypercarotenemia:orange skin. Hypervitaminosis: blurred vision, vomiting, vertigo, pressure in skull, headache, death

Vitamin D is/can

be consumed and synthesized by the body due to sunlight

What causes Vit D activation by the addition of two OH groups?

Parathyroid Hormone. parathormone (PTH)

What causes increases absorption from the intestine? Increased resorption from bone? And reabsorption from Kidney?

Calcium

What surpresses the activation of Vit D?

Caltcitonin

When the bones fail to calcify, growth retardation, bowed legs, weak abdominal muscles, and a protruding stomach in children?

Rickets

What causes "soft bones" in adults?

Osteomalacia

Which groups are at high risk for inadequate sunlight exposure?

Living at Northern Latitudes, Instiutionalized elderly, persons totally covered because of religion or culture

What are other names for Vitamin D?

calciferol. 1,25 dihydroxycholecalficerol. cholecalciferol

What is the chief function of Vitamin D?

mineralization of bone

What is the toxicity and symptoms of Vitamin D?

Hypervitaminosis D: elevated calcium, calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs) leads to death

One of Vitamin E's structures

Alpha-tocopherol

What are the other names for Vitamin E?

Alpha-tocopherol

What is the chief function of Vitamin E?

antioxidant, stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated FAs anf Vit A

What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E?

Erythrocyte hemolysis(nerve damage). Hemolyic Anemia in low birth weight babies and premies due to low Vitamin E

What is the toxicity of Vitamin E?

interfere with blood clotting action of Vitamin K and enhance the effect of drugs that oppose blood clotting causing hemmorhages

What is Vitamin E sometimes used to treat?

fibrocytic breast disease and abnormality of blood flow that cause leg cramps

What is the form of Vitamin K that is a natural source in plant foods and the largest Vit K food source?

Phylloquinone (K1)

What is the form of Vit K that is synthesized by the GI tract and 1/2 of K in body?

Menaquinone (K2)

What is the form of Vit K that is just synthetic?

Menadione (K3)

What is the chief function of Vit K?

synthesis of blood clotting proteins

What are the Vit K deficiency symptoms?

Hemorrhaging

What is the toxicity of K?

Not common. High doses reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs used to prevent blood clotting

What is now cured with a single dose on Vit K in all newborns due to their sterile gut?

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn