Psychology

defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics were localized to specific areas of the brain

method by which the human mind is defined in the simplest components

Hemholtz

modernly known as a branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of mental, behavioral and emotional disorders

an approach to understanding human behavior that focuses on unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings thoughts and behaviors

interdisciplinary method that studies brain activity as it links with cognition

biological, psychological, socio-cultural

hearing a piece of information so often that you come to accept it as true

gaining knowledge through observation based on the five senses

phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between two variables when no actual relationship exists

gap between the axon of one cell and the dendrites of another

chemicals that are released and sent across the synapse

drugs that increase action of a neurotransmitter

interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body

part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

part of nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the bodys organs and muscles

set of nerves that carries information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system

set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glands

set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations

set of nerves that helps the body return to normal resting state

master gland, releases a hormone that directs the functions of many other glands in the endocrine system

produces melatonin, regulates sleep patterns

one of the largest glands, produces hormones that regulate growth and development through metabolism

regulates salt and metabolism

processes visual information

processes information about touch, spatial sense and navigation

responsible for hearing and language

responsible for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgment

responsible for execution of movement

used to record electrical activity in the brain

visual display of brain activity

uses magnetic fields and radio waves, distinguish brain tissues

delivers a magnetic pulse through the skull

brains ability to adapt to changes in sensory inputs

study of continuity and changes across the lifespan

agents (drugs or viruses) that damage the process of development

"top to bottom" rule, infants will gain control of their head before they gain control of their feet

"inside out" rule, infants will gain control of their torso before elbows & knees & will control their elbows & knees before hands & feet

birth-2 years

theories about the way the world works

way in which infants apply their schemas to new situations

process by which infants change their schemas due to new info

belief that an object still exists, even when you cannot see it

2-6 years

6-11 years

11 years and up

stage in which the morality of the action is determined by the consequences for the actor

stage where the morality of the action is determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

stage where the morality of the action is determined by a set of principles that reflect individual values

birth-12-18 years

18 months to 3 years

3 to 6 years

6 to 12 years

12 to 18 years

19 to 40 years

40 to 65 years

65 to death

ability to store and retrieve information in a meaningful way to previously stored knowledge

process of relating new info in a meaningful way to previously stored knowledge

process of storing new info by converting it into mental pictures

process of categorizing info according to the relationships among series of items

type of storage that holds sensory info for only a few seconds

fast-decaying store of visual info

fast-decaying store of auditory info

fast-decaying store of touch-based info

type of memory that holds non-sensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

type of memory that holds info for hours, days, weeks or years

made up of facts and general knowledge

pertains to our personal lives and experiences

inability to make new memories

pertains to motor and cognitive skills

inability to retrieve old memories

forgetting what happens with the passage of time

failure to retrieve info from your memory, even when you try to access it

happens when we assign a memory or idea to the wrong source

tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections

intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to stimuli results in a reduction in responding

stage where the neutral stimulus is first associated with the unconditioned stimulus

when a CS is paired with a NS causing the NS to become associated with the original stimulus

gradual unlearning of a learned response when the CS is repeatedly given without the US

tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

when the CR is observed even when the CS is slightly different from the CS used in acquisition

individuals characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling

banishes anxiety related thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness

offers self-justifying explanations in place of real reasons for ones actions

disguising your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

dealing with feelings of threat and anxiety by unconsciously taking on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful

channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable activities

how we think about, influence and relate to one another

process by which people come to understand others

people provide casual explanations for someone elses behavior

decision that a persons behavior is influenced by the environment

decision that a person's behavior is influenced by their personality

tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should make a situational attribution

tendency to make situational attributions for your actions but to make dispositional attributions for others actions

tendency to agree with a larger request after fulfilling a smaller request

influence strategy that involves getting an individual to deny an outrageous request making them more likely to agree to a reasonable reques

unpleasant state that occurs when a person recognizes that there is inconsistency between attitudes and actions

occurs when ones emotions, opinions or behaviors are affected by others

occurs when another persons behavior provides information about what is appropriate

occurs when another persons behavior provides info about what is true

improved performance on tasks in the presence of others

tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort towards a goal than when tested individually

loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations

mode of thinking when the need for harmony in a group overrides reality

behavior that benefits another without benefitting oneself

people receive from a relationship what they give

act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned will be returned later

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases attention

experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction

experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partner's well-being

suggests that we aggress when our desires are frustrated

tendency for people to behave as expected to behave

fear of confirming negative beliefs that others hold

tendency for people to see what they want to see

tendency to modify stereotypes after learning new information

characterized by feelings of apprehension and anxiety

characterized by excessive fear and avoidance of specific things

marked by persistence of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in rituals that cause distress

pattern of emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers

characterized by chronic thoughts or image of trauma

similar to Major Depressive Disorder but lasts 2 years

characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood and low mood for at least 2 years

characterized by enduring patterns of relating to others and controlling impulses

believed that the mind and body are the same thing

father of modern psychology

believed that the mind and body were different but they interacted through a single link, the pineal gland

student of Freud

founded individual psychology

founded feminist psychology, neo-freudian

founded behaviorism, classical conditioning

founded radical behaviorism

positive psychology, Maslow's hierarchy

man who had a rod go through his head and his whole demeanor changed

law of effect (rewarded behavior is likely to occur again)

found that children learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments

attribution theory

presented a medical model to understanding demonic possession