Telecommunications & Film Test #2

glass tube with all the air pumped out of it (ray of electrons)

FCC declared freeze on new TV stations applications; stations aprroved pre-freeze were allowed to go on the air; AT coast to coast

Freeze ended 1952; FCC 6th Report & order; Freeze benefitted NBC & CBS

TV programming sold by distribution companies to local TV stations & cable services

1. off-network: appeared first on networks; reruns (Sex in the City) 2. first run: produced for syndication (Oprah, ET)

original programming funded by, produced for & distributed by major TV & cable networks

required sending stations to be licensed by the secretary of commerce, who could assign wavelengths & time limits

Regulated how radio worked and established FRC to bring order to broadcast

controlling large dispersed bureaucratic organizations (Navy in favor of)

1. Radio hobbyists or amateurs 2. inventor-enterpreneurs 3. Government & military 4. Managerial businesses in corporate mold

discovered in the spectrum a playful democratic form for leisure time exploration (omnidirectionality)

travels in all directions & not just point-to-point, & formless, wide open character of radio.

get people's attention seeking to gain wealth by building a better "mousetrap" in the form of better radio equipment

known for his audion invention; envisioned and pursued the idea of using radio to transmit news & entertainment (Oprea)

(colonizing) began to see the radio spectrum as something analogous for imperialist expansion

Navy

sought to integrate radio into existing corporate structures that would complement, but not compete with, telephone & telegraph

adopted strategy that sold a service instead of a device & secured that service by limiting access to it; created a monopoly

Broadcasting

Pittsburg; VP of Westinghouse asked Marconi to broadcast from Westinghouse; used to stimulate sales.

it envisioned radio as point-to-point communication & did not anticipate broadcasting.

first patent of electronic TV

1. completely changed network broadcasting 2. Forced radio to turn to specialized audiences through the development of particular formats

3. Brought radio & recorded industry closer together 4. Forced radio to become more dependent on local advertising revenue.

Kennedy Assassination(Nov. 22, 1963)

Television "gather around"

sweeps period

1. Network programming 2. Syndication programming 3. Local origination programming

programs produced by local TV stations for viewers in their own communities (ex. local news, talk shows) Korla Pandit

1. Audience flow 2. Counter programming 3. challenge programming

movement of audiences from one program to another; relies on audience inertia, where they will watch

Vampire Diaries to Nakita

programmer decides to go for an audience different from the audience that competing stations or networks are trying to attract.

Roseanne & Cosby Show

head to head with the same type of program as a major competitor, or goes after the same demog. with a different program with similar appeal

Oprah vs. Jerry Springer; Grey's Anatomy vs. CSI

should be considered not as absolute laws but rather as general tendencies of a culture undergoing computerization. Can be changed; not abso

all new media objects, whether created from scratch on computers or converted from analog media sources, are composed of a digital code

the technique, method, or system of operating highly automatic means, as by electronic devices, reducing human intervention to a minimum

Ex: Photoshop-- can do things automatically; Microsoft Word-- agents that automatically give you formats; Websites--generates webpages

requires the computer to understand meanings embedded in objects being generated *Teaches computers how to think

MIT Media Law--Open mind common sense: how to understand, create links; personas- how does the internet see you

how do you find and locate images and text

new media object is not something fixed once & for all, but something that can exist in different, potentially infinite versions.

designing a car online; Advertising is personalized to the viewer(varies from person to person)

translating something in a different format; New media exist on 2 layers

1. Cultural 2. Computer

includes categories associated with types of literary texts, genres, encyclopedia topics, narrative patterns

the process by which the computer organizes data into packets or databases

the original communications network built by the U.S. government *Access was limited to governmental, educational, scientific, & military

conference where syndicated programming is bought & sold

provides the key to retrieving the correct information & then getting it delivered to requester's address

hard to receive; low frequency Contains channels 14 to 69

(very high frequency) TV channels 2 to 13

VP of Westinghouse

1. Scientific 2. Military 3. Commercial(Commerce)

was created to ensure that America would never again be taken by surprise by new technologies

protects indecent material if between 10pm and 6 am

Federal Communications Commission; seven member; replaced the FRC

expanded the membership of the FRC from to 7 members and gave the organization a new name FCC

expanded the regulatory powers of the FCC

allowed cable systems the freedom to set their own rates

had a major impact on all areas of electronic media

permitted satellite carriers to transmit local broadcast TV signals into local markets

imposed an obligation on TV stations to serve the informational and educational needs of children through programming designed to serve need