Bio 124 Exam 2

ions in and out of the cell

embedded proteins that changes shape to allow large molecules from high to low

Pump molecule against their concentration gradient low to high EX: Na+ K+

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

cell engulfs phagocytes specimen and brings into cell

move a molecule outside of cell

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

what goes in and out of the cell

Cytoskeleton pathway, RER, SER, transport vessicles, Golgi

fuse after contact

communicate through fusing membranes

proteins and lipids produced by RER and Golgi through transport vesicles (at cis end) and have carbohydrate "address labels" attached and ar

1954 Invented the Spark Discharge Apparatus

created to mimic conditions of primitive earth

Amino Acids(proteins) Carbomonomers(carbohydrates) Hydrocarbon Chains(lipids)

1980 computer design of Spark Discharge Apparatus

No membrane bound organelles

increase genetic variation

attached to substrate

structure and protection

what goes in and out of the cell

movement

make proteins

Produces DNA

Gel like matrix mostly liquid H2O, contains all materials for cellular activity (allows chemical reactions)

conjugating tube and genetic variation

Eukaryote

Controls what goes in and out of cell

contains all materials needed for cellular activity

House of DNA

Makes RNA

Controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

contains all materials needed for cellular respiration

produces proteins released outside of the cell

produces lipids

Prouduces cytoskeleton from microtubules, structure and pathways

Adds carbohydrate "address labels" to proteins and lipids released from cell

Produces ATP for cellular energy

Break down waste and toxins

Contains all structure as an animal cell plus 3 more

Structure stores toxins, breaks down waste

Photosynthesis occurs light (glucose)

Structure and Protection (cellulose)

Adenosine triphosphate

Type of "fuel" your cells understand to use as energy

Adenosine diphosphate

Breaking down covalent bond of terminal phosphate on ATP to release 7.3 kcal energy

Capacity to do work

Energy can not be created nor destroyed only changes form

Produces ATP for cellular energy

Outer and Inner Membrane, Inter Membrane, Cristae, Mitochondrial Matrix

1970- Endosymbiosis theory- the mitochondria was originally a bacteria good at producingATP, was engulfed by a primitive protist

Mitochondria DNA is more similar to bacterial DNA sequence than its "host". It has a double phospholipid bilayer. Do to increased metabolic

How bacteria replicates

Molecules that pick up electrons and donate them to another molecule for energy

Oxidized form (given up 2e- and a hydrogen ion)

Reduced form (picks up 2e- and 1 hydrogen ion)

Oxidized form(donates 2e- and 2H+)

Reduced form(picks up 2e- and 2H+)

class of chemical reactions in which there is a gain and loss of electrons

Gains electrons= reduced Loses electrons= oxidized

Anaerobic ATP production =gylcolysis

Yeast

Glucose---Pyruvate---Lactic Acid

A process in which sunlight energy is coverted to chemical energy (glucose)

Symbiotic Chemical Equation-6CO2 + 12H20---(sunlight)---C6 H2O O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O (glucose)

Cholorplast

Electronmagnetic spectrum

Photons- particles Wavelength- top to top (shorter= more energy)

Gamma, XRays, U.V. Rays, Sunlight Visible Light, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio Waves

ROY G BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)

VIBGYOR

Red

Violet

Cholorophyll A- transfer sunlight energy to reaction center

Chlorophyll B

Accessory Pigments protect Primary Pigments

Photosynthesis occurs here

Outter Membrane, Inner Membrane, Stroma, Thylakoid, Grana, Channel

Gel like matrix

1 disc

Stack of discs

LHC(Light Harvesting Complex) Located: Thylakoid Membrane Part of the light dependent process

Sunlight, Reaction Center, Pigments

molecule that pick energy from pigments and use that energy to pick up electrons from a H2O molecule. Through this process the reaction cent

H2O - O ----- 2H+ + 2e-

Forces energy inward to the reaction center

Glycolysis

Cytoplasm

10 step oxidative process in which (6C) is broken into 2 pyruvate (3C) which are small enough to enter the mitochondrial matrix

2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP

Precursor Step

Mitochondrial Matrix

In preparation for the citric acid cycle pyruvate 3 carbon molecule loses a carbon (CO2). It is then attached to coenzyme A (2C) forming 2 A

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH

CO2

Citric Acid Cycle

Mitochondrial Matrix

8 step oxidative process in which Acetyl CoA bonds oxaloacetate to form citrate. Citrate is then oxidized

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

4CO2, H2O

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/chemiosmosis

Cristae

Electrons from electron carriers are donated to embedded proteins in the inner membrane(ETC) providing energy to pump H+ from the mitochondr

32 ATP

H2O

Name

Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

Occurs during the day (NEED LIGHT)

Energy from certain wavelengths of light excites electrons in the pigments of the antennacomplex. That energy is transferred inward providi

ATP, NADPH released into stroma

Photosystem 2 (Before 1) - ATP. Photosystem 1 (After 2) - NADPH

Name

Stroma

Occurs at night (DOESN'T NEED LIGHT)

Calvin Cycle (Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration) -restarts cycle

Glucose