Chapter 7: The Integumentary System

Insulate, cushion tissues and organs, prevent water loss, regulate heat, Excretion(urea,salts, water), Activate or inactivate drugs.

Protect from mechanical, chemical, and thermal damage, and bacterial invasion. Also Vitamin D synthesis.

Nails, Hair, Glands (oils, sweat).

It is made of stratified squamous epithelium.

It is made of connective tissue.

It is not part of the skin, and made of fat/adipose.

It is the most abundant cell in the epidermis, produces KERATIN. The protein fibers that are durable and gives protection.

The cells are connected to each other by desmosomes.

Meanocytes produce MELANIN, the dark pigments that give the skin color and protect the DNA fro UV radation.

People with moles and freckles contain concentrated melanin in one spot.

Langerhans cells is involved in cell immunity, and recognizes bacteria/bacteria components and processes them to activate immune response.

Merkel cells is attached to sensory nerve endings, and forms touch receptors. Also located at epidermal-dermal junction.

It's because of their lack of melanin means more DNA damage from the sun.

stratum BASALE, stratum SPINOSUM, stratum GRANULOSUM, stratum LUCIDUM, stratum CORNEUM

Are single row of cells stem cells undergoing constant mitotic cell division. Cells in stratum basale become melanocyte, and keratinocyte

The basale recieve nutrients with diffusion. It contains Merkel cells.

They have several cell layers, and the cellers are held together by desmosomes.

Pre-keratin proteins make weblike bundles of intermediate filaments. The cells divide rapidly, and also recieves nutrients by diffusion.

They contain langerhans cells.

They are thin layer of cells. The cells contain granules. Lamellated granules contain glycolipids to make skin water proof.

The keratohyaline granules combines intermediate filaments in stratum spinosum to superficial keratin fibers at stratum corneum.

They are very thin layers of cells, are presdent in palms of hands; soles of feet. The feet is thick skin.

Lucidum contains flattened dead keratinocytes, and cells are clear/translucent.

Corneum is 20-30 cells thick. It is composed of dead, flattened cells that are fully keratinized.

Dermis layer contains collagen and elastic fibers, adipose, macrophages, blood supply to regulate body tempterture.

The dermis has lots of nerve receptor endings. Dermis layer also have lymphatic vessels. Thedermis divides 2 layers of connective tissues.

The papillary has Areolar connective tissue, uneven surface, large capillary networks, and provide heat and nutrients to epidermis.

They are fingerlike projections at superior surface. They are responsible for producing fingerprints.

the one that detects pain.

the ones that detect touch.

It is surrounded by connective tissue capsules.

This layer is located at the deepest skin layer. Has irregular connective tissue, contains arteries and veins.

Also contains sweat and sebaceous glands.

They detect pressure.

The loss of elastic fibers and fat in subcutaneous layers leads to wrinkles.

The long period of time restricts normal blood flow. Occurs especially at bony projections. Causes cell and tissue death.

Bedridden patients who are not turned (moved) regularly can get bed sores.

The amount of melanin; more melanin means darker skin tone.

Carotene is yellow-orange pigment present in stratum corneum and hypodermis. Skin turns organe if person eats too much carotene-rich foods.

Oxygenation of blood. Skin is pink/red. Flushing die to hypertension, fever or embrassment. Lighter tone skin can more easily look pink.

Jaudice, Addison's, Cyanotic, Albinism.

Yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous substances and whites of eyes. It is caused by excess bilirubin in the bloodstream.

It is hyperpigmentation. Caused by excess "ACTH" hormone on the melanocytes to produce melanin.

Blue or purple color of the skin or mucous membranes. Caused by low oxy. saturation on the tissues near the skin or cont. exposure to cold

Little to no color in the skin, hair and eyes. It is caused by defect in melanin production.

visible attached portion.

Portion that grows away from the body.

Part of nail embedded in the skin, bound to epithelial nail bed.

Skin fold that over lap border of nail.

The nail fold known as cuticle.

The skin (stratum basale) beneath the nail.

Proximal region of nail bed that contains germinal cells; responsible for cell growth.

As cells germinate/divide, they become keratinized and die, forming the hard, nonliving region of nail.

The white crecent of the nail matrix.

consists of both the epidermal and dermal cells surrounding hair.

Consists of inner epithelial root sheath (internal and external), glassy membrane, andconnective tissue root sheath.

Portion of hair progecting out of the scalp.

Hair enclosed within the follicle in the scalp.

Basal end of the hair root/follicle that contains well-nourished germinal epithelia.

Daughter cells are pushed away from the hair bulb, where they die and becomes keratinized into the hair shaft.

Part of hair follicle; dermal tissue that protrudes into hair bulb. Provides nutrition to growing hair.

Bands of smooth muscle cells that connect hair follicle to papillary layer of dermis.

During cold weather, muscles contract to make follicles stand and to creat goose bumps.

Ducts can empty into hair follicle or directly onto skin surface.

Mixture of ouls and cell fragments. Lubricates skin, keeping it soft and moist. Keep hairsoft. Highly active during puberty.

Sebaceous (oil) glands, Sudoriferous (sweat) glands, eccrine glands, apocrine glands.

Ducts empty out into pores.

Produce mainly H20, salts, urea. Present all over body. Controlled by nervous system. Regulate body heat, when sweat evap. it cools body

Found in the axillary and genital areas. Contains milky protein-and fat-rich substances.

Nutrient rich medium for microorganisms. Produces also H20. salts, urea. Glands change size in relations to menstrual cycle.

Analogous to pheromone-producing glands in animals.

Body ordor is due to the microgranisms feeding off of the nutrients from apocrine glands.