Marine Ecology III

A spring flood into an estuary

Salinity in the sea is about _ parts per thousand

Brackish water has a salinity of about _ parts per thousand

Organisms in an estuary need to withstand extreme fluctuations of _

Marine species that exist in a broad range of salinities

Organisms that tolerate only oceanic salinities

Estuaries have _ biodiversity, and last only about _ years, after which they are filled with sediment

Estuaries have high _, which leads to low light underwater, hence low _ productivity

Temperate salt marshes are dominated by emergent _, tropical mangroves are dominated by emergent _

Salt marsh vegetation traps about _ cm of sediment a year, have high _ input from river runoff, and very high _ production (non-phytopl.)

Unlike in the rocky intertidal zone, the upper limit of estuary grasses is set by _ factors, while the lower is set by _ factors

The zonation patterns of estuaries differ from those of the rocky intertidal because they involve _ species invading the _

Intertidal mud flats have a _-based food web

Animals on the seafloor

Animals within the sediments on the seafloor

Small intertidal animals living between sand grains

Feed on prey and particles in the water column

Feed on particulate organic matter on the seafloor

Estuary _ provide food and shelter for small fish; _% of marine fish use them as their nursery habitat

_ transport allows small fish to maintain horizontal position via vertical movements

Estuaries comprise _% of the surface and _% of the volume of the oceans; and provide _% of marine primary productivity, _% river deposition

Estuaries trap _ pollutants and decompose _ pollutants

_% of estuaries in the Pacific northwest are gone, and _% have been lost in California, due to filling for coastal _

More than _% of the ocean is deeper than 1000 meters

More than 90% of the ocean is deeper than _ meters

The mean depth of the ocean is _ meters

The Mariana Trench is the deepest point in the ocean, _ meters deep

The Abyssal Plain is the largest habitat on Earth, covering over _% of its surface

Temperatures in the deep sea range from _ to _ degrees C

The deep sea has _ levels of oxygen, due to _ circulation

1 atmosphere of pressure is gained for approximately every _ meters of depth

At 400 meters down, water pressure is about _ tons per square inch, causing _ shells to dissolve

Even in the clearest tropical seas, there is no sunlight below _ meters

The _ zone, at _ meters, is where oxygen reaches a minimum, due to _ sinking out of the epipelagic zone

The summits of _ that extend into the oxygen-minimum layer allow scientists to study adaptations to low oxygen conditions

Only _% of primary productions makes it from the epipelagic zone to the mesopelagic zone, and _% of that makes it to the bathypelagic zone

Only _% of primary production from the epipelagic zone all the way down to the bathypelagic zone

Deep-sea benthos usually have _ size and _ density

Macrobenthos in the deep sea are primarily _, and _% of them are deposit feeders

The diversity of benthos peaks at the continental _; this represents an _ and is called the _ pattern of diversity

The continental rise is found from _ to _ meters deep

The continental shelf & slope have _ secondary production, which leads to _ population densities, _ competition/pred/excl, and _ species div

Intermediate depths & cont. rise have _ secondary production, _ pop density, _ biotic interactions, and _ diversity

The abyssal plain has _ secondary production, _ pop density, _ exctinctions, and thus _ species diversity

Hydrothermal vents occur in seafloor _ zones

Deep sea vents occur at _-_ meters deep in mid-ocean ridges

_% of the taxa discovered in the deep sea vents are endemic

The animals in deep sea vents can live in temperatures up to _ degrees C

Hydrothermal vent communities are based around _-based food webs; bacteria and archaea utilize energy in _

Hydrothermal vents fix _ grams of C/m^2/yr, which is _x the rate of the epipelagic zone and _x the rate of the abyssal plain

Deep sea vents last only _'s of years locally and up to _k years regionally, and their residents have _ dispersal, use _ as stepping stones

Include colonial jellies in the mesopelagic zone, up to 40 meters long

Have flat reflective body, with photophores underneath for countershading

A fish with the largest teeth relative to its body size of any sea creature

Many organisms in the deep sea have _ pigment, because that color of light is invisible to most other creatures in the deep

Hangs vertically in the water column and can swallow prey as large as itself

Symbiotic bacteria in the lures of anglerfish provide _

In many species of anglerfish, the males are _

The deep sea floor is mainly dominated by _

Found in the bottom of a Norwegian fjord, _ form reefs independent of solar energy and have far larger _ than their relatives

Cartilaginous fish with large eyes, about 1 meter long, called ratfish or _

Scavenging jawless fish which can smell carrion for miles around

In the deep sea, sparse food leads to _ population sizes, simultaneous _, or _ parasitic males

_ isolation and major _ in temperature/salinity combine to produce statistically distinct groupings of species

The _ of ocean basins is crucial to patterns of marine biodiversity

Species diversity tends to _ with decreasing latitude

Pacific diversity is _ than the Atlantic

Diversity in coral reefs is greatest in the Coral _ in the Indo-Pacific and declines in all directions

Inshore and estuarine habitats are _ in species than in open-sea coast habitats

Areas of high diversity may be centers of _ of new species, or they may be regions where isolating barriers resulted in past _

The latitudinal pattern of species diversity fits a model of tropical _ and spread to higher latitudes

Species diversity _ with increasing habitat area and stability

Diversity may increase the _ of an ecosystem

The species-_ effect might be used to predict species loss, but an understanding of habitat and _ is crucial as well

Marine _ areas have been established to protect marine biodiversity, but relatively _ habitat is currently under protection

Conservation _ can be used to identify both species and genetically distinct _

Many marine invasions are facilitated by human _

The introduction of new species may cause local extinctions and a _ of marine biota

In recent years, _ water from ships has accelerated the transport of exotic species

The Arctic ocean has _ primary production, _ species diversity, _ biomass of nekton, and thus a _ food web

The southern ocean around Antarctica has year-round _

In 2009 there was less than _% of ice more than two years old left, versus the mean of _% from 1981 to 2000

The polar bear was listed under the Endangered Species Act in _

The Antarctic ocean is more productive because _ wind drift and _ circulation provide year-round upwelling within the Antarctic _

The Antarctic ocean has year round _ availability, and is _-limited, with the krill acting as a _

Because krill sequester it, and whales eat krill, whale shit is rich in _

Antarctic krill, also called _, can be over _% ecologically efficient

Krill survive in winter by eating _

Food webs in the Antarctic ocean were altered by _ depletion of whales

Despite predictions following depletion of other whale species, the minke whale population has _

After depletion of large whales, there was an increase in the population of _, _, and _

Recent declines in krill population are due to ocean _

There was a _% increase in ice loss in Antarctica in 1996-2006

Less Antarctic ice leads to _ ice algae, _ winter food for krill, and replacement of krill by inedible _

Over _% of the economic value of the biosphere relies on marine biodiversity

_% of global marine extinctions have been caused by overfishing, and _% have been caused by habitat destruction

_% of world marine fisheries are overexploited, depleted, or recovering

Marine fisheries provide about _% of animal protein consumed by humans

The overfishing status of the majority of US fisheries is _

Total fishing catch peaked in 1989 at _M mt

Overfishing can lead to dominance by non-targeted _

The capture and waste of non-targeted organisms, and unreported (illegal) fishing

Bycatch accounts for about _% of total catch

Tuna labeled "_" is less safe for other bycatch victims

Bottom trawls and _ scrape off biogenic habitat and create huge _ plumes

The annual area of ocean bottom trawled is _x greater than all forests logged in a year

In fisheries, gross profit varies with _

In fisheries, the maximum net profit occurs at less than the maximum sustainable yield, but this only happens with effective _

Government _ for fisheries reduce operation costs, and can drive fisheries _

_-based management, marine _, _, and consumer _ are all part of the solutions to the fisheries crisis

Marine reserves protect BOFFFFs (_ old _ fertile _ fish)

Marine reserves protect populations outside their bounds by the _ effect, and a _ of adults

Aquaculture is not yet _, and _ fish are more valuable for feeding wild-caught fish

More than _ common marine species that are often considered native, were actually introduced in the 1500s-1800s

Invasive species can _ native species and alter _, disrupting ecosystem _

A substance or phenomenon that overloads an ecosystem's capacity to assimilate, degrade, or store excess chemicals

Sources of pollution include coastal _, atmospheric _, ship spills and _, legal _, and offshore _

Heat pollution often comes from coastal _ generating stations

UV-B penetration due to ozone depletion by _ kills phytoplankton

Sound from naval _ alters whale behavior and induces mass strandings

Excess nutrients and silt can kill _

Excess nutrients can feed toxic red tides, caused by _ blooms

Excess nutrients can cause coastal hypoxic "dead zones" via _; usually by an influx of nutrients into a highly _ water column

In Oregon, "natural" dead zones are caused by an increased _ wind, causing greater _ of nutrient rich but oxygen _ water

_% of marine pollution comes from coastal runoff

The process by which fat-soluble pollutants such as heavy metals increase in concentration with each trophic level

Due to biomagnification, pollutants reach toxic concentrations in apex _

_% of marine pollution comes from ship spills & discharges

The Deepwater Horizon spill released over _ million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico

The Exxon Valdez oil spill released _ million gallons of crude oil in 1989, and the cleanup cost _ billion dollars

_% of marine pollution is from atmospheric deposition

3 key facts: oceans are _, and this will continue; sea levels are _, and this will worsen; oceans are acidifying - pH dropped from _ to _

One of the expected results of climate change is a poleward _ of species ranges

The _ squid has moved up from the equatorial east Pacific to Alaska since El Nino 1996, which may cause a decline in the Pacific _ fishery

Conservative estimates of sea level rise show about a _-meter rise within the next century

Oregon and northern California have some of the most _ waters in the world, with a pH of less than _ between Coos Bay and Cape Mendocino

As a result of ocean warming, albacore tuna fisheries off Oregon are expected to _

Ice albedo will _ as ice cover _, warming the ice more rapidly

Rising seafloor temperature has the potential to release _, a gas with _x the warming potential of carbon dioxide

Deep sea hydrothermal vent systems are dependent on carbon _, hydrogen _, chemical _, and free _

Biodiversity in estuaries is low because of a _, stressful environment, high _ causing low phyto. production, _-lived organisms, and low _

Mud seafloors have _ turbulence than sand seafloors

Diel migration in the water column allows nekton to maintain regional _, escape _, digest in _ water, and follow _

_% of unfished virgin biomass remains when a stock enters "overfished" status

_-_% of the world catch is thrown overboard as bycatch

Order of most-least fish conservation: max _ yield > max _ yield > open access _ w/subsidy > open access equilibrium without _

The two ultimate causes of the overfishing crisis are human _ and the human _ explosion

The two approaches that characterize ecosystem-based fisheries management: _ and _ approaches

In the Gulf of Mexico, dead zones occur in _; in Oregon they occur in _

In the Predation Hypothesis, is N of settling larvae high enough for competition to occur?