pathophysiology chap 5

64 cards·by kayleeallen27

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what is the first line of defense?

innate resistance (physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers)

what is the second line of defense?

inflammation (the inflammatory process) rapid and nonspecific

what is the third line of defense?

adaptive (acquired or specific immunity)

what is the largest innate system that acts as a physical barrier

epithelial cells

what defense are you born with?

innate

which defense is specific

third line adaptive

what are some examples of first line barriers

skin, linings of gastro, genitourinary and respiratory tracts, coughing and sneezing, flushing, vomiting, mucus and cillia

what are the 3 phases of the inflammatory process

acute, chronic, and granulomatosus

what is acute inflammatory response

self limiting

what is chronic inflamatory response

persistent for weeks to months

what is granulomatosus inflammatory response

containment to prevent further harm in chronic inflammation

what causes the inflammatory process

infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, temperature extremes, radiation, etc.

what are local manifestations of the inflammatory response

pain, heat, swelling, and or loss of function

rapid, nonspecific, protective response to any cellular injury from any cause, it can occur only in vascularized tissue

inflammation response

what is the vascular response in the inflammatory process

blood vessel dilation, increases blood flow to injured site, increased vascualr permeability and leakage (swelling) white blood cell adheren

what do the vascular changes in the inflammatory response deliver

substances such as leukocytes, proteins, chemical mediators, etc.

what is an important activator of the inflammatory response

mast cell

what does degranulation release

histamine (vasoactive)

directional movement of cells along a chemical gradient

cheotaxis

what is the most abundant WBC neutrophil

answer

what are the chemotactic factors

mast cell granules, neutrophils and eosinophils

what are the mediators

leukotrienes, prosaglandins platelet activating factor (PAF)

what do prostoglandins do

increase vascular permeability

slow reacting that produces histmaine like effects causing smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability

leukotrines

what is quick reacting and released early in the inflammatory process

histamine

what is slow reacting and released later in the inflammatory process

leukotrines

destroys pathogens directly, activates or collaborates with every other component o the inflammatory response (3 pathways for activation)

complement system

what are the 3 pathways for activation of the complement system

classical, lectin, and alternative

which pathway of the complement system is activated by antibodies

classical

which pathways of the complement system do not require antibodies

lectin and alternative

what is lectin activated by

several plasma proteins located on the cell wall

what activates the alternative complement system

bacterial endotoxins or fungal cell wall carbohydrates

what are the 3 plasma protein systems

complement system, coagulation system, kinin system

what does the coagulation (clotting system) do

forms a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site

what is the main substance of insoluble protein (end product of the clotting system)

fibrin

limits clot formation by degrading fibrin and fibrinogen

plasmin

what does the kinin system do

interacts closely with the coagulation system and functions to activate and assist inflammatory cells

what is the primary kinin

bradykinin

what does bradykinin do

causes dialation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability

first responder WBC and most abundant

neutrophils

immature macrophages and macrophages (eaters)

monocytes

combat allergens and parasties

eosinophils

kills of viruses and cancer cells

natural killer cell (interleukin-2)

help with clotting

platelets

what is phagocytosis

process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material

what are the steps to phagocytosis

adherence, englulfment, phagosome formation, fusion with lysosomal granules, destruction of the target

produced in the bone marrow, enter circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site where they develop into macrophages

monocytes

typically arrive at the inflammatory site 24 hours or later after neutrophils

macrophages

mature monocytes

macrophages (become mature once it enters circulation)

what are the cytokines

interleukins, interferon, tumor necrosis factor- alpha

produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a pathogen or stimulation by other products of inflammation

interleukins

interleukin that activates various WBC and enzyme activities

IL-1

interleukin that is produced by various cells that induces hepatocytes to produce proteins and can cause fever

IL-6

interleukin that is produced primarily by lymphs to down-regulate and diminish the inflammatory response

IL-10

which interleukins are pro inflammatory cytokines

IL-1 and IL-6

which interleukin is an anti inflammatory cytokine

IL-10

anti inflammatory cytokine that protects against viral infections

interferon (alpha and beta)

secreted by macrophages, pro inflammatory effects to vascular endothelium and macrophages

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

what are the local manifestations

pain, swelling, erythema (redness), local heat, exudates

what are the systemic manifestations of inflammation

fever, leukocytosis, and increased plasma protein synthesis

what systemic manifestation is caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens and acts directly on the hypothalamus

fever

increased numbers of circulating leukocytes

leukocytosis

-cytosis or -philia

increase in the cells

-penia

decrease in the cells