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Human Physiology Final
48 cards·by toridhogg
Where are water soluble nutrients absorbed ?
The hepatic portal vein
Where are fat soluble nutrients absorbed ?
lymphatic system
Where are stem cells found ?
bottom of gastrointestinal crypts and pits
What do chief cells secrete ?
pepsinogen
What do parietal cells secrete ?(2)
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factors
What do goblet cells secrete ?
mucus
What is intrinsic factor important for ?
Absorption of Vitamin B12
What are the muscular layers of the stomach ?(4)
Muscularis mucosa, circular muscle of muscularis externa, longitudinal muscle
ofmucularis externa, and oblique muscle of muscularis externa
How many layers of muscle are in the small intestine and what are they ?
Three; longitudinal muscle, myenteric plexus, and circular muscle
How many layers of muscle are in the stomach and what are they ?
Four; fundus, longitudinal, circular, and oblique
The stomach only digests what ? not what ?
proteins not carbs or lipids
What does salivary amylase do ?
enzymatically digests carbs
What happens as stomach acidity enters the duodenum ?
It is neutralized by pancreatic bicarbonate
What is the main function of the stomach ?
store, mix, and churn bolus
What is the function of the pancreas ?
secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
How big are proteins able to be in order to be absorbed ? what happens if they are too big ?
must be less than or equal to 3 amino acids to be absorbed. an allergic reaction may occur if they
are too big
What are resistant starches ?
carbs that reach the colon and may be digested by colon bacteria
What are prebiotics ?
dietary components that support healthy bacteria colonies in the colon
What are probiotics ?
bacteria in foods such as yogurt that promote health
What are phytonutrients ?
dietary components that have unknown functions associated with health
What four things can be absorbed by the colon ?
water, vitamin k, ions, and minerals
What can colon bacteria produce by not absorb ?
vitamin b12
What is required for the absorption of vitamin b12 ?
stomach intrinsic factor
what do the sight, smell, and taste of food do ?
stimulate cephalic phase of HCl secretion
What does the presence of gastric peptides do ?
decreases hydrogen ion concentration, which increases HCl secretion by stomach cells
What system is the enteric nervous system a part of ?
autonomic nervous system
What does peristaltic conctractions create
creates froward movement of chime
what does somatostatin inhibit
it inhibits HCl secretion in the stomach
what proteins are used to secrete acid into the lumen of the stomach
luminal H+-K+ ATPase and basolateral HCO3--Cl- are used
What biologically active hormone is secreted during the intestinal phase
gastrin inhibitory peptide is secreted during this
What is synthesized from cholesterol as a steroid hormone
Aldosterone is synthesized
What is synthesized from tyrosine as an amine hormone(2)
dopamine and triiodothyronine
what is synthesized from amino acids as a peptide hormone
angiotensinogen is synthesized
What is synthesized from fatty acids as an eicosanoid
prostaglandin E2
What synthesizes several releasing hormones that act on the pituitary gland
hypothalamus synthesizes
what synthesizes several stimulating hormones that act on diverse tissues
the pituitary gland synthesizes
what regulates metabolism
thyroid hormones
what regulates blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormones and dihydrocycholocecalciferol regulates
what regulates growth and sexual development
androgens regulate
what regulates blood glucose levels
pancreatic hormones regulate
what antagonizes biologically active vitamin d and lowers blood calcium levels
calcitonin antagonizes
what lowers blood glucose
insulin lowers
what raises blood glucose
glucagon raises
what stimulates satiety
leptin stimulates
what stimulates appetite
ghrelin stimulates
what is synthesized by adipose tissue
leptin is synthesized
what is synthesized by the stomach
ghrelin is synthesized
what potentiates the action of growth hormone
insulin-like growth factors potentiate