Cell Bio II

Ribosomes that work together to make many copies of the same protein

The process of controlling a protein's activation

A _ binds at the promoter

A transcription regulator binds at the _

_ "read the grooves" and bind to specific DNA sequences

A repressor binds at the _

A _ binds at the operator

A repressor serves to prevent an _ from binding to the operator, and thus preventing _

An operator and promoter are both types of _ but a repressor is a _

A type of activator protein

A second messenger that responds to the presence of the CAP activator and binds to it

A _ speeds up the rate of RNA transcription

A _ speeds up the rate of RNA transcription

No transcription activity: there must be a _ bound to the operator

Low transcription activity: there is a _ bound to the operator, but no _ present

High transcriptional activity: there is an RNA polymerase bound to the _, and there is a _ present

When RNA polymerase is bound with a non-adjacent activator, the activator is bound to a _

When multiple proteins bind to a mediator, the stretches of DNA between them that is looped out is called _

The final say on whether a gene is expressed is determined by _

When multiple proteins bind to a mediator, this is transcription by _

The first step of translation initiation: the _ and _ factors and _ subunit bind to the 5' cap

The first step of translation initiation: the tRNA and initiator _ and small ribosomal _bind to the _

The second step of transltion initiation: the small ribosomal _ proceeds until it reachesthe _ codon

The second step of transclation initiation: the _ subunit proceeds until it reaches the AUG _

The third step of translation initiation: the _ factors dissociate

The third step of translation initiation: the initiator factors _

The fourth step of translation initiation: the _ subunit binds

The first step of translation: a _ with an amino acid enters the _ site on the large ribosomal subunit

The first step of translation: a tRNA with a _ enters the A site on the _

The second step of translation: the _ bond is catalyzed, and the _ is removed from the P site tRNA

The second step of translation: the peptide bond is _, and the amino acid is removed from the _

The third step of translation: the large ribosomal subunit _ over, and the small subunit follows

The third step of translation: the _ translocates, and the _ follows

Activators recruit _, repressors recruit _ that remove acetyl groups

To open DNA, a _ binds at the TATA box

To open DNA, a histone-modifying enzyme binds and the _

_ turns fibroblasts into myoblasts, and causes the differentiation of _ cells

MyoD turns _ into _, and causes the _ of muscle cells

Can directly influence gene expression via activators and repressors, or indirectly through chromatin folding via histone acetylase

Transcription regulators can directly influence gene expression via _ and _, or indirectly through _ folding, via _

Inheritance of cell type is passed down as different patterns of _ modification (_ tails), and _ feedback and _

_ transcription regulators can set off cascades of other transcription regulators

Master transcription regulators can set off _ of other transcription regulators

The fourth step of translation: the _-site tRNA is _

The first step of translation termination: the _ factor binds the _ codon in the _ site

The second step of translation termination: _ is added to release the _ chain via hydrolysis;leaves a _ tail at the end of the polypeptide

The second step of translation termination: H2O is added to _ the amino acid chain via _; leaves a COOH tail at the end of the _

The third and final step of translation termination: the _ dissociates

The third and final step of translation termination: the ribosome _

A piece of mRNA that prevents transcription or translation in the presence of guanine, bymaking a conformational change in the mRNA

A riboswitch hinders access to the _ codon, by causing a _ change in mRNA

Complimentary strand of RNA to prevent the polymerase from binding

Control of translation via temperature

Micro RNA binds wtih _ proteins to remove or slow translation of mRNA

Micro RNA occurs in the _ before _ and after _

_ occurs in the cytosol before translation and after transcription

DNA replication occurs in the _' to _' direction

_ fragments occur on the lagging strand in DNA replication

DNA joining together behind the replication fork is called _

The _ domain and _ pocket pair the incoming deoxyribonucleosides with the template strand

DNA proofreading occurs in the _' to _' direction

A protein that binds to the single strand during DNA replication that prevents re-annealing and self folding

Keeps the DNA polymerase on the template

The _ lays down the RNA primer, which starts a _ fragment on the lagging strand

The old primers on the lagging strand are cut out by the _

The mismatch repair complex involves _

Mismatches in DNA are taken care of by the _