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The Chemical Nature of Cells
42 cards·by steph1993
What are the four main types of biomacromolecules?
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, lipids
What are monomers?
the sub unit of the organic molecule
What are polymers
The larger units of the cell
What is the polymer of a sugar?
Polysaccharide
What is a metabolism
The sum of the total chemical reactions in our body
What charge does a water molecule posses?
Neutral, however water is attracted to itself. Hydrogen atoms are slightly positive and the
oxygen is slightly negative.
What is the name for substances that dissolve readily in water?
Hydrophyllic - polar
What is the name given to substances that tend to be insouble in water?
Hydrophobic, non-polar, lipid souble.
What happens to water as the temperature falls?
The rate of movement decrease. At under 4 degrees there is no longer sufficient movement to
break bonds, causing it to form a lattice - ice.
How are water molecules bonded?
Hydrogen bonds.
If a substance has a PH lower than 7 it is..
Acidic - higher concentration of hydrogen ions.
If a substance has a PH higher than 7 it is..
Alkaline - lower concentration of hydrogen ions.
What must an organic molecule contain?
Carbon
What are carbohydrates composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate?
A monosaccharide aka a sugar molecule.
What does a dissacharide contain?
Two monosaccharides
What are the two types of carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrate - contains one or two sugar units. Complex carbohydrates - contain many
sugar molecule.
What is the general formula of a monosaccharide
C6H1206.
How can molecules with the same general formula be different substances?
Variation arises from differences in structure and atom compositions.
Are polysaccharides water souble?
No
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids.
How many commonly occuring amino acids are there?
20
What is an essential amino acid?
An amino acid that cannot be produced through the body, and needs to be accquired through diet.
What are proteins made up of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Some contain sulpher and phosphorus.
When two amino acids join together, what kind of bond do they form?
A peptide bond, the carboxyl group of one amino acid joins to the amino groups of another.
What are two amino acids joined together called?
A dipeptide.
When many amino acids from a chain, it is called a...
Polypeptide.
What are the four different protein structures?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quanternary
What are conjugated proteins?
They are molecules where the end protein molecule is bonded to another group. For example
nucleoproteins.
What is the proteome?
The complete array of proteins produced by a single cell or organism in a particular
enviroment.
What does the term liquid include?
Fats, oils and waxes.
What are lipids composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - little water.
Why do lipids carry so much energy per molecule?
They have little water.
What is a tryglyceride?
Common form of fat. Composed of a single glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
What are phospholipds?
Phospholids are a major component of the cell membrane. They are composed of two fatty acids
attached to gylcerol and a phosphate group.
Why are phospholipds considered to be aphipathic?
The phosphate head is hydrophyllic. The tail is hydrophobic.
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). RNA (ribonucleic acid)
What is DNA and where is it found?
DNA is found in chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell. It is genetic material that
containherditary dinner.
What does each nucleotide monomer contain?
Sugar (deoxyribose) part, phosphate part and an N-containing base.
What are the four N-containing bases?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
What do messanger RNA (mRNA)?
They carry genetic information to ribosomes, where it is translated to a particular protein.
What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
Together with particular proteins make the ribosomes found in the cytosol.