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What is the function of the conducting zone?
Provide a low resistance pathway for airflow & conditions air.
What are the 3 Parts of the respiratory zone?
Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar Sacs
What to Type 1 Alveolar Cells Do?
Simple Squamous Epithelium- held by the basal lamina
What to type 2 alveolar cells do?
Make surfactin
What is bulk flow?
Movement of substances between two points, driven by pressure differences. Example:
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli & gas tpo
Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli and between blood and capillaries is what?
Diffusion
What is Transpulmonary Pressure?
keeps alveoli inflated
Lungs are made of?
Elastin( easy to stretch and exhibits recoil) and Collagen (stiff, resists stretch)
surface tension must be kept _______ to maintain lung inflation
LOW
How does Epinephrine affect lung resistance?
Causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle, DILATE and resistance DECREASES
How does Acetylcholine affect lung resistance?
Causes contraction of airway smooth muscle, CONSTRICT and resistance INCREASES
(parasympathetic)
How do Leukotrienes affect lung resistance?
product of inflammation, causes CONTRACTION, INCREASES resistance
Define Contractility
force of ventricular contraction at any given end diastolic volume
What increases contractility?
Norepinephrine/Epinephrine increase contractility, there for increasing stroke volume
Increasing the contractility will increase_________.
Ejection Fraction
After load is determined by _________?
Arterial Pressure.
Prolonged increases in after load leads to ________?
hypertrophy of ventricles
What are the three factors that affect the stroke volume?
1. preload 2. Contractility 3. Afterload
what is aortic stenosis
forward flow murmer, LV pushes harder in order to compensate
is aortic stenosis a systole or diastole problem?
systole!
aortic stenosis manifestations
decreased cardiac output, cardiac ishemia
what is aortic regurgitation
backword flow murmer, aorta does not flap shut, blood pools in LV
aortic regurgitation a systole or diastole?
diastole
What is the main problem with aortic regurgitation?
blood pools in L atrium, loose the atrial kick, go into a. fib. clots
what are the clinical manifestations of aortic regard?
decreased cardiac output and increased heart rate
what is mitral stenosis?
Mitral valve is a tiny hole, blood backs up into LA.
what is the primary consequence of mitral stenosis?
rhumatic fever!
what is mitral regurgitation?
mitral valve shuts but not tight so blood backs into left atrium.
mitral regurg of systole or diastole?
systole
what signals the beginning of systole and the end of diastole?
mitral valve shutting
what is minimal change disease?
diffuse loss of the potocytes, no renal failure, increase risk of thrombus, cd80, protein
malnutrition
what is focal segmental sclerosis
increased collagen deposits, will have ht. and lead to renal failure
what part of brain stimulates breathing?
pons
what part of brain stimulates secondary muscles for breathing?
Medulla
decrease compliance means lungs are _______?
hard to inflate.
what is the hallmark of obstructive lung diseases?
air trapping
how does igE affect asthma
leads to cell degranulation, produces leukotrienes that bronchoconstrict
What do interleukins 5,8,13 do?
Vascular congestion, increased vascular permeability leading to swelling and edema
what is the most common cause of pneumonia
aspiration
what do cytokines do in strep pneumoncoccal?
alveolar edema, allows bacteria to spread
two units of a nephron?
renal corpsucle and renal tubule
job of the renal corpuscle?
filters plasma, generating filtrate
job of renal tubal?
modifies tubular fluid
what makes up the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus and bowmans capsule
afferent arterole is controlled by what?
norepinipherine, decreases GFR
Efferent arteriole is controlled by?
angiotensin two increases GFR
what is the site of action of ash and aldosterone?
late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
where do thiazide directics work?>
early distal tubual