Biology2

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32 cards·by ahobbs

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What cells are susceptible to becoming cancerous?

cells that undergo all division

DNA molecule with small associated proteins

Chromosome

Genes that code for proteins that regulate the cell cycle

proto-oncogenes

Is cancer usually a result of one or multiple gene mutations?

one or more

What are tumors caused by?

unregulated cell division

Sources of antioxidant

fruits and dark veggies

Message circulated inside cell via series of protein molecules

Receptor

Radiation, UV light, asbestos

Carcinogen

Any change to DNA sequence

Mutation

Why is it necessary to wrap the DNA around protein?

helps maintain structure

Chromosome proteins

chromatin

Overlaps with telophase

Cytokinesis

What happens during interphase of cell cycle?

normal cell spends most time here, cell grows, and has 3 subphases

Gain of electron (becomes more negative)

Reduction

Non sex cells

Somatic

Why is the mitotic spindle important?

Pulls the cell to where it needs to be and keeps everything attached until the end

Loss of electrons

Oxidation

Cells energy source

Glucose metabolism

Missing >1 electron from outer shell

Free radicals

How do antioxidants help reduce number of free radicals?

they donate electrons and neutralize free radicals

3 ways cancer cells are different from normal cells

divide when shouldn't, invade surrounding tissue, can move to other locations in the body

Risk factors for cancer

tobacco, radiation, UV light, diet, lack of exercise, obesity, excess alcohol, increasing age

protooncogenes contain genetic code for

mutation

How is obesity associated with certain types of cancer

fatty tissues store hormones therefore could increase hormone sensitive cancer risk

Checkpoint in cell cycle

G1, G2-interphase in metaphase

Cell copy division

Mitosis

Can detect and repair damage to DNA, serve as backup, allow cells to override checkpoints

Tumor suppressor genes

Run from end to end in cell and anchored at each pole by centrioles

Mitotic spindle

Summarize mitosis

nucleus and its contents divide, are distributed to 2 daughter cells, 4 stages (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)

What is G1, S, G2 phase?

G=Gap, S=Synthesis, and subpahse in interphase

How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?

Animal- pinched off like drawstring, Plant- forms cell wall and trapped there

How is complimentary base pairing used to build half of a DNA molecule when cell produces sister chromatids?

Sisters join together at the centromere