Minerals

Maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins & glycogen

It participates in metabolic reactions

Aids in the regulation of normal body temperature (sweat evaporation from the skin removes excess heat from the body

Serves as a solvent for minerals, vitamins, AAs, glucose, and other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities

Acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, spinal cord, and, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus

Maintains blood pressure

60%

75%

25%

Smaller women, elderly and obese

Fluid within the cells

fluid between cells

fluid within blood vessels or the vascular system

Fluid outsdie of a cell. Intravascular and Interstitial

Hypothalamus

500 ml. for waste products

A conscious desire to drink

A condition in which water output exceeds water input

thirst, dry skin/mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and weakness to death

A rare condition in which body water contents are too high. Symptoms: confusion, convulsions to death

Inorganic elements

They cannot be destroyed by heat, acid, O2 etc. and they cannot be changed into anything else

can be toxic

Phytates (legumes & grains) Oxalates (green leafy vegetables)

are present and needed in larger amounts

are present and needed in smaller amounts

Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Sulfur

Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, Selenium, Molybdenum

Minerals involved with fluid balance:sodium/chloride/potassium AND Minerals Involved in bone health:calcium/phosphorus/magnesium

Sodium and Chlorine

it dissolves in water

They can be negativly and positively charged

Cations

anions

electrolytes

the same number of positive and negative ions

death

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium

Choride, Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Sulfate

Principal cation (Na+) of extracellular fluids; Mantains fluid and electrolyte balance; Helps maintain acid-base balance; Assists in nerve t

Table salt (NaCl), soy sauce, processed foods, foods with visible salt, salt spices, condiments, luncheon meats

Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

Acute hypertension, edema

Chief anion of extracellular fluid; Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance; Part of HCl found in stomach

Table salt (NaCl), soy sauce, processed foods, foods with visible salt, salt spices, condiments, luncheon meats

Do not occur under normal circumstances

vomitting

Excessive vomiting of gastric juices upsets acid-base balance

Chlorine reacts with sodium or hydrogen

Principal intercellular cation (K+) (inside the cell); Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance; Assists in nerve transmission and mus

Most whole foods (ubiquitous)

Muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion

Toxicity occurs from potassium salts or supplements. Toxicity symptoms include muscle weakness, vomiting. If administered intravenously …

sodium and potassium exchange positions outside and inside the muscle cell … when the muscle relaxes, sodium and potassium go back to their

diabetic acidosis, dehydration, prolonged vomiting & diarrhea; Drugs, including diuretics, steroids, laxatives; Symptom: muscle weakness

does not result from foods. Comes from supplements or K salts. Cured by an injection of K into a vein but can lead to stopping of the heart.

Calcium

Calcium functions in the mineralization of bones and teeth; Bones and teeth are storagedepots for calcium

Calcium is involved in blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood pressure maintenance

mineralization of bones and teeth; involved in muscle contraction/relaxation; nerve functioning; blood clotting; blood pressure, immune defe

a protein activated by calcium that helps maintain blood pressure

Milk and milk products, small fish with bones, tofu, broccoli, greens, legumes (requires Calcium-Binding Protein for absorption

Stunted growth in children; bone loss in adults … related to osteoporosis

Constipation; increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney disfunction

calcium crystals in a protein matrix in bone

Is constantly remodeled

increased calcium that can lead to death

decreased calcium that can lead to death

calcium-binding protein

Vitamin D, sugars, stomach acid (HCL), hormoned that promote growth

Lack of stomach acid HCL, Vitamin D deficiency, High phosphorus intake, High fiber diet

(grains and seeds) part of a high fiber diet

(beets and spinach) part of a high fiber diet

the addition of two –OH groups … one –OH by kidney & one –OH by liver

increased absorption from intestine, resorption from bone (Ca leaves bone/ goes into bloodstream), and reabsorption from kidneys (leaves kid

increased calcium in bone, intestine and at least mantains current calcium in kidneys

supresses activation of vit D

decreased absorption from intestine, resorption from bone (stays in bone), and reabsorption from kidneys

decreased absorption from intestine, resorption from bone (stays in bone), and reabsorption from kidneys

it decreases the amount of calcium in the intestine, bone, and kidneys

greater than 25 million people. mostly women

the bone shatters from its frailty and then causes the person to fall but is already broken

porus bone

the loss of calcium from trabecular bone (lacy inner structure of Ca crystals, supports bone structure and provides the body’s storage of Ca

decreases it

spine and bones of the pelvis

6 inches due to spine compression

resorption of calcium from bone exceeds deposition of calcium in bone (especially hip bones and vertebrae)

onset of osteoporosis

Ages 50-55. postmenopausal females. over 90% of all hip fractures occur for those over 50 years old

women

caucasians and east asians. african amercians have a decreased risk

Weight-bearing activity throughout life

INCREASE

Regular comsumption of low-fat dairy foods throughout live … recommend food, not supplements

low BMI

estrogen and testosterone deficiency

Phosphorus

functions in bone mineralization; found in bones and teeth; part of every cell (phospholipids); genetic material; ATP for energy transfer; b

All animal tissue

Rare (usually drug induced, making phosphorus unavailable … resulting in weakness, bone pain

inhibits calcium absorption

Bone mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, maintenance of teeth, immune integrity

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green veggies, seafood, cocoa

Rare; weakness, confusion, muscle spasms, hypertension

Rare … results from supplement intake … diarrhea. Alkalosis, dehydration

nerve transmission/muscle contraction of heart muscle and seems to protect against hypertension and heart disease

heart disease

sulfur containing side chains with cysteine molucules link to each other; forming disulfide bridges; which stabilizes protein structure

Protein foods

Not known … only with severe protein deficiency

rare

Rigid body proteins (skin, hair, nails) and curly hair

microminerals

mineral that works with an enzyme to facilitate a chemical reaction

Iron

oxygen-carrying protein in erythrocytes (RBCs)

oxygen-holding protein in muscle cells

hemoglobin and myoglobin

The iron-holding part of hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins

Found only in animal foods (meat, poultry, fish)

10% that is consumed and 25-35% of heme iron is absorbed

Found in both plant/animal foods

90% of iron consumed is non heme iron and only 10% of non heme iron is absorbed

more heme than non heme

factor associated with the digestion of Meat, Fish, Poultry

The MFP factor, Vitamin C, Acids, and Sugars

Phytates, Fiber, Oxalates, Calcium, and Tannic Acid (coffee/tea)

Ferrous iron (reduced state) Fe++; Ferric iron (oxidized state) Fe +++

Part of hemoglobin, part of myoglobin, cellular energy utilization-electron transport chain

Red meats, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried frult

Iron deficiency anemia

: blue sclera of eyes, hypochromic/microcytic RBCs, pale and concave nails, pica, decreased ability to regulate temp

Lethargy, joint pain, organ damage, enlarged liver, death, Hemochromatosis, Hemosiderosis

long term dietary/supplementary iron overload  deposits of iron storage protein hemosiderin in liver and other tiss

hereditary iron metabolism defect leading to iron deposits in tissues  tissue damage … most common genetic disorder in US…affecting 1.5 mil

zinc is a metalloenzyme; associated with insulin, involved in making genetic material and proteins,immune reactions, transport of Vit A

taste perception, wound healing, making of sperm, normal fetal development

Protein containing foods, whole grains, vegetables

growth retard./delay onset of puberty,(dwarfism in Middle East),impair DNA/protein synthesis,anorexia,decreased taste, dec. wound healing

Anemia, raised LDL, lowered HDL, GI upsets, renal failure, heart muscle degeneration

rare inherited zinc malabsorption disease leads additional more severe deficiency symptoms

decreased consumption of protein foods, whole grains, and vegetables leads to decreased taste acuity and wound healing which leads to defici

Component of thyroid hormones which regulate growth, development, and BMR

Iodized salt, seafood

Cretinism or a simple goiter

congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation caused from iodine deficiency during pregnancy

Enlarged thyroid gland and goiter … just like deficiency symptoms

Antioxidant, helps regulate thyroid hormone, decreases risk of some cancers

Seafood, meat, whole grains

Keshan disease

China due to lack of selenium soil; Predisposition to type of heart disease characterized by cardiac muscle becoming fibrous

GI disorders, loss of hair and nails, skin lesions, nervous system disorders

Metalloenzyme(part of few enzymes),necessary: iron absorption and use of iron in hemoglobin form(catalyzes oxidation of ferrous to ferric)

Seafood, nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes

Anemia, bone abnormalities

Vomiting, liver damage

intestinal cells absorb copper, but cannot release copper into circulation leads to life threatening copper deficiency

copper accumulates in liver and brain to life threatening toxicity; reducing copper intake and zinc supp.s to interfere with absorption

Metalloenzyme (cofactor for several enzymes)

Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables

In experimental animals: Poor growth, nervous system disorders, reproductive abnormalities

Nervous system disorders

over long periods of time show symptoms of a brain disease, along with abnormalities in appearance and behavior

Involved in bone and tooth formation, helps make teeth decay resistant by forming crystalline deposits in bones and teeth

Fluoride containing or fluoridated drinking water, tea, seafood

stabilized form of fluoride in bones and teeth

Susceptibility to tooth decay

Fluorosis (discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excessive fluoride during tooth development),nausea, chest pain, itching, vom

Associated with insulin and required for the release of energy from glucose

Meat, unrefined foods, fats, vegetable oils

Diabetes-like condition marked by an inability to use glucose normally

none are reported

Some organic compounds that enhance insulin’s actions

Cofactor for several enzymes … metalloenzyme

Legumes, cereals, organ meats

unknown

Cofactor for several enzymes

Bone and collagen formation

Necessary for growth, bone development, normal reproduction

Key mineral in Vit B12

May play a role in brain activities

heavy metals. mercury and lead

soil, water, pollution

Hemoglobin cannot transport oxygen and lead poisoning

Brain cannot properly function and lead poisoning

Learning disabilities,low IQ,behavior probs,slow growth,iron-deficiency anemia,sleepdisturbances,nervous sys disorders,seizure, impair hear

Hypertension, reproductive complications, kidney failure