LAST 7 SLIDES!!

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Words or expressions that ‘give away’ the register immediately. E.g. ‘uair a bha siud’ for Gaelic narrative.

left-detachment

The cat, he is scratching the furniture – informal register

Informal spoken Gaelic register has more:

Swearing, repetition, borrowing, Fragmentation, syntactic reduction, formulaic expression, less priestige dialectal forms or bible influence

Spoken

Informal - conversation, radio interview, traditional narrative, sports reportage - conversational, different tenses, long sentences.

Written

Fiction, formal prose, news scripts, popular writing - grammar, correct sentence use, punctuation.

Narrative has more:

Past tense verbs, Past-habitual verbs, Pronouns, Coordinate clauses, Cosubordinate clauses, Temporal clauses and less present tense verbs

The Administrative State

Promoting internal communication. - minority languages were seen as a problem, economic side to it

Language shift

a particular group of people coming to use one language instead of another.

Language minoritisation

Process by which a language comes to be pushed out and marginalised by a dominant language backed by eoomic and politically powerful forces

Language revival

occurs where a language passes out of community use and then is brought back.

Language revitalisation

promotion efforts on behalf of languages that have not declined as far.

Bilingualism

the ability to communicate in two different languages.

What is Diglossia?

the use of different languages in different domains – the context in which language is used. What the setting is.

Languages in diglossia

minority languages are used in Low domains e.g. homes, friends / Majority language – used inhigh domains e.g. court, government.

Stable diglossia

Diglossia is seldom stable – prestige language frequently claims more and more domains:language shift.

Corpus planning

Involves modifying the language itself , GOC, creating new vocab, Leabhar a theagasc, standardisation

Status planning

Modifying (increasing) the prestige of the language, Gaelic Achd, bòrd na Gàidhlig, gaelic officers, increase the number of Gaelic domains.

Acquisition planning

Planning for the increase in numbers of speakers, through education system, but also at home and in the community, GME, SMO, Ulpan.

3 Essential elements in revitalisation

Increase the Capacity, opportunity+desire for people to speak the language.

GIDS stage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Media, Government/councils, workplace, GME, literacy levels, intergenerational transmission.

GIDS stages 7, 8

7 – Older people in the community speaking it. 8 – Not many speakers left – social isolation

Nature

Infants’ learning skills – imitation, pattern learning skills

Nurture

The learning environment – interaction, caregiver speech