ch 15

neuron, nerve, bulb, cortex

odorant reach cilia, odorant binds a G protein, G protein activates, cAMP opens channels , depolarization

Mr. fiin had a stroke that damaged the trigeminal nerve but not the facial nerve, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerves. If he ate spicy nachos,

Which of the following disorders might result in an inability to sense taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue

Which of the following classes is not one of the five typical taste sensations

Which of the following papillae found on the surface of the tongue contains no taste buds, but does contain sensory nerve endings to detect

Taste is detected when chemicals bind receptors on microvilli of

When a patient is asked to look to the left, her right eye moves to the left, but her left eye does not. Which extrinsic eye muscle is not f

Which of the extrinsic eye muscles passes through the trochlea

The area of the retina that contains a high density of photoreceptors and enables us to focus on a particular object is called

After death, the cornea absorbs fluid and becomes opaque. In a living person, the cornea is translucent due to

What gland secretes oil to prevent the eyelids from sticking together

Which extrinsic muscles act together to move the eye directly inferiorly

What gelatinous mass helps maintain the shape of the eye?;

in the presence of light photoreceptors

rods need time to regenerate in the dark for 30 to 40 mins

the ability of the lens to change its shpae from flattened to round

three types of cones

irregular curvature of cornea or lens which causes rays of light to refract

The inability to recognize a family member indicates impairment in the;

if stapedius is unable to reduce movement is result in

bending of inner ear hair cells result in

sound vibrations are amplified in

loudness of sound is done by

hair cell damage of spinal cord result in

startle relfex occurs when unexpected sounds reach the

if you are sitting and nod yes the structure detected is

equilibrium does not depend on the

sensations integrated with memories of past experiences

touch, pain, temperature

physical or chemical stimulus is converted into action potential that can be interpreted bythe brain

Allows detection of odorants in air allowing signals to be perceived as odors

Modified bipolar neurons ,chemoreceptors, detect chemical as odor

Stem cells that continually replace olfactory neurons

Columnar cells surrounding olfactory neurons

only sensory parhway that bypasses thalamus

awareness and identification tool

lack of smell

reduction of olfactory sensation

involves olfactory chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocioceptors, and gustatory chemoreceptors

specialized cells that are on the surface of the tongue and oral surfaces

large dome shaped

mushroom shaped, few taste buds

ridges on the side of tongue , only present during childhood

long thin cylinders , no taste buds, contain sensory nerve endings to detect texture and temperature

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, unami

uses cranial nerves 7, 9, and 10

white part of the eye made of collagen fibers

continuation of sclera anteriorly , avascular allowing light to enter eye

contains eye blood vessels and pigment minimizes scattered light

flower like structure, smooth muscles around lens

spider web like, allowing contraction and relaxation changing shape of lens to focus light

eye color, regulates amount of light entering posterior eye

makes pupil smaller restricting light allowed in eye ( parasympathetic function )

makes pupil larger allowing more light into eye (sympathetic function)

incomplete layer only deep to the choroid

thin pigmented epithelium reducing light scattered and nourishes photoreceptors

photoreceptor cells that for optic nerve

black and white vision, low light levels

high color vision in higher light levels

question

yelloiw central region of fovea has large photoreceptor numbers

many cones tighly packed together allowing detailed vision and focus

loss of vision and changes in color

blind spot

onion looking structure , rests behind pupil and iris focuses light on retina from objects near eye

lens has become clouded

large cavity behind lens filled with vitreous humor

made of collagen and water maintaining shape of eye , transmits light , supports posterior surface of lens and holds retina to choroid

everything in the front of the eye containing aqueous humor i

lens and iris

lens and cornea

watery fluid secreted by ciliary body

aqueous homor cannot drain and fluid builds up in anterior and posterior chambers

thin folds covering anteior region of orbit distributes tears during blinking

thin pieces of dense connective tissue

secretes oil to keep eyelids from sticking together

meeting of upper and lower eye

fleshy structure at medial commisure, sebaceous glands that secrete whitish lubricating substances

muscles that close the eye

muscles that open the eye

thin layer on the posterior side of eye ;mucous membrane

produces and drains tears from eye

releases tears and mucus to eye ducts, lubricates and washes away debris

tears enter here and is located in medial edge of eyelid leading to small ducts in the lacrimal sac

small depression in lacrimal bone draining to nasolacrimal duct

SNS causes conversion of these

superior oblique

inferior oblique

inferior rectus

superior rectus

medial rectus

lateral rectus

innervate superior oblique

innervates lateral rectus

innervates remaining four muscles

lazy eye

only focuses on the focal point

spreads light

focuses light on retina

near point of accommodation making it hard to focus on near objects

depends on ahving correct eye shape and proper curvature of cornea

farsightedness (eyeball is short)

nearsightedness ( cornea is too curved )

contains rhodopsin absorbing light

contains iodopsin allows blue, red,a nd green wavelengths

common in males, lacks functional gene for one or more cone pigments

photreceptors deloparize in ______ releasing glucamate

photoreceptors hyperpolarize in_______ stopping the release of glutamate

depth reception , how far objects are away from you

elastic cartilage with lobule, funnels sound waves into external auditory canal

thin sheet of connective tissue separating outer and middle ear

equalizes pressure

hammer shaped connecting to tympanic membrane

anvil shaped, midpoint of bony bridge

connected to oval window membrane in medial chamber

boundary between air filled middle ear and fluid inner ear

muscle of auditory tube and inserts on malleus tightening membrane by medial pull

posterior of middle ear and inserts on stapes reducing ossicle movement

prevents damage fromloud noises by reducing movement of membrane and ossicles

potassium is greater that sodium

sodium is greater than potassium

houses uricle and saccule

conveys head tilt and linear movement

detects rotational movement of head in any body plane

innervated by vestibular division of CN 8

houses receptos for hearing and is filled with endolymph

chamber in cochlea and contiues near oval window

terminates bear around round window

forms cochlear duct and scala vestibuli boundary, separates endo from perilymph

allows vibrations of sound pitch where hair cells detect vibration

receptor cells in spinal organ

form single row and detect sound

for three rows and equipped with stereocilia

stiff membrane that extends over hair cells

startle reflex occurs from unexpected sounds relayed in thalamus

makes us aware of incoming sound involved with language and limbic system

wax build up

loud sounds or medication can damage hair cells

when head is tilted but body is not moving

when head or body is rotating ( spinning/ riding in car)

segments of labyrinth containing macula

houses receptor cells for head position and movement (static equilibrium)

calcium carbonate crystals in otolithic membrane

verticle when head is up and stationary and bed when head is tilted to the side or front to back

dynamic equilibrium

cluster of hair cells with stereocilia and solitary kinocilium are embedded in cupula