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Chem
94 cards·by Ashlaloo1025
moleculesmono poly sacch
What is Oxidation?
Oxidations is where a molecule loses electrons
What structure is the active site in?
Tertiary
What is the difference in hydrophobic and hydrophilic folding?
Hydrophobic folds inward and hydrophilic folds outward
Difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated, structure also
Saturated have single carbon carbon bonds. Unsaturated has at least one double carbon carbon
bond. Polyunsaturated have more than 1 doubleCC
What is hydrophilic?
Polar molecule that will interact with water.
What is the difference between omega-3 and omega-6?
How many carbons are before the double bond C
What is partial hydrogenation?
Where a CIS fat is converted into a Trans fat
What is a beta emitter?
An electron. When a neutron is converted into a proton.
What is an alpha emitter?
a "helium nucleus" 2p & 2n shoot out.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
Competes with the substrate for the active site. Can become overcome by the body making more
substrate.
What is a codon?
Code for a protein. Sequence of 3 bases
What is a non competitive inhibitor?
Chenges the tertiary structure and changes the active site shape. Usually made by the body
What is anabolism?
Takes smaller molecules and makes lager molecules from them.
What is reduction?
A molecule undergoing reduction gains electrons.
Steps of Replication
1)Enzymes breat bonds of DNA. 2)Nucleotides bond within the DNA 3) DNA polymerase
phosodiester bonds them together
What happens when glucose levels are high in the blood?
They get stored as glycogen in the liver
What does NAD+ turn into during reduction?
NADH
What does a glycogen do?
Stores lots of Glucose in a small space
How to find the mass #
# of protons + # of electrons
What is the sense strand?
The side of DNA information is used from
Describe quartinary structure
Occurs in some proteins with more than one strand. Describes how individual strands fold
together
What do phosphoglycerides do?
Make up the cell membrane.
Steps of translation
1)mRNA is at ribosome 2)tRNA brings amino acids that corrispond to the anti codons 3)bonds
produce between amino acids
What does FADH turn into during reduction?
FADH(2)
What do the free groups (amine & carboxcylic acid) indicate?
The start and end of a structure from the N to C terminus
What form is naturally occuring in amino acids?
L form
secondary structure
Localized folding of a structure
What is denaturing and what causes it?
Denaturing is the unfolding of a structure. Heat and changes in pH cause it.
What is the difference beween ATP & ADP?
ATP has another phosphate which means more energy
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking of bonds with H2O
What is Hemolysis?
Bursting of a cell.
PO4(-3)
phosphate
SO4(-2)
Sulfate
OH(-1)
Hydroxide
Name 3 Disaccharides
Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
Name 4 Polysaccharides
Amylose, Amylopectin, Cellulose, Glycogen
Name 4 Monosaccharides
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, Ribose
What are the rolse of proteins?
Catalysts, Protective(blood clotting), Transport(hemoglobin, Serum albumin), and
chemical messengers
What molecule does the body use as energy?
Glucose
What is Catabolism
Breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules
What is a base?
Produces OH- when dissolved in water.
What is Crenation?
shrivling up of a cell
What are the nucleotide bases?
adenin, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
What are inhibitors?
Molecule that controls the function of enzymes
What is an Ion?
Atom with a charge.
NO3-
Nitrate
NH4-
ammonium
Steps of Transcrition
1) mRNA is produces in the nucleus and is complimentary to DNA 2)mRNA leaves the nucleus and
goes to the ribosome
What is the primary sequence?
Order of amino acids in the structure
What does hypotonic mean?
higher solute inside the cell than outside
What does isotonic mean?
The solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell
What is a positron emitter?
Positively charged electron. When a neutron is converted into a proton
What is a peptide?
Small protein >200 amino acids
What does hydrophobic mean?
Non polar molecules that will not interact with H2O
What does hypertonic mean?
Lower solute inside the cell than outside
How to find the atomic #?
# of protons in the nucleus
What bonds nucleotides together?
phosphodiester bonds
What is an acid?
produces H+ when dissolved in water
Describe tertiary structure
overall folding of the structure
What are isotopes?
Different # of neutrons in the atom
3 parts that make a nuleotide
Sugar, base, phosphate
What is Fermentation?
Occurs when there is low or no oxygen being taken in. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid,
converting NADH to NAD+
Triglyceride instead of glycosis, explain.
Fatty acids provide energy. Beta oxidation coverts NAD+ to NADH and FADH to FADH2. (Diabetics
use it)
What is keytosis and what can it eventually cause?
acetyl CoA to keytone bodies. Keytone bodies are keytone and 2 carboxcylic acids. If too much
Carbox acid is made is enters the blood stream
1
phosphoglyceride. Make up the cell membrane
2
Ribose nucleotide
3
Steriod structure
4
Citric Acid cyle. All energy in bonds released. 5% of ATP. Energy carried by NADH & FADH2
5
Glycosis. Requires ATP to start. Oxidation happening, releasing electrons. If NAD+ not
presend doesn't happen. 8% of ATPs
6
Hydrogen bond.
7
Salt Bridge.
8
Disulfide Bond.
9
alpha D-Glucose
10
Fructose
11
alpha D-Galactose
12
Sucrose
13
Lactose
14
Maltose
15
Amylose
16
Cellulose
17
Amylopectin
18
Glycogen
19
Trans Fat
20
Polyunsaturated
21
Ester
22
Amide
23
Carbonyl
24
Alcohol
25
Carbonate
26
Amine
27
Aldehyde
28
Keytone
29
Carboxcylic Acid
30
Electron Transport Cycle. 87% of ATP. Absence of oxygens prevents process. Regenerates NAD+
& FADH