Pathophysiology chap 2

C and T

A and G

the double helix; A goes to T, G goes to C

directs the synthesis of all the body's proteins, and genes tell a cell how to function and what traits to express

all cells other than gametes, each somatic cells nucleus has 46 chromosomes in 2 pairs

sperm and egg cells

the 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes in both males and females

the remaining pair of chromosomes that consists of 2 homologous X chromosomes in females and the nonhomologous XY pair in males

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

genes

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

99.5%

mutation that does not change amino acids

insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs of the DNA molecule (greatly alter the amino acid sequence)

increase the frequency of mutations (radiation, chemicals such as nitrogen mustard, vinyl chloride, formaldehyde, and sodium nitrate)

trace the father's side through the y chromosome and the female genealogy through paternal haplogroup

can only occur in one sex often because of anatomic differences. (ex. uterine and testicular defects)

occurs much more often in one sex than the other. (male pattern baldness)

when environmental factors influence the expression of the trait (ex. IQ)

DNA sequence variation occurring commonly within a population

RNA is synthesized from a DNA template forming MRNA

RNA directs the synthesis of a polypeptide interacting with TRNA

the outward appearance of an individual due to genotype and environment

the composition of genes at a given locus

in the nucleus of each cell

to be expressed a female must be homozygous, seen more often in males. never transmitted fromfather to son (both parents are affected)

caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes

missense muations

nonsesnek