Anatomy Test 3

the ends or extremities of a bone, thin layer of compact bone covering an interior of spongy bone

space within the diaphysis which contains yellow marrow (fat)

thin hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyseal surfaces (joints)

a fascia covering of a bone

outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue (fascia)

inner layer of periosteum with many osteoblasts and osteoclasts

bone forming cells

bone absorbing cells

thin connective tissue layer which lines the medullary cavity, and has both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

support, protect, storage, movement, hemopoiesis

(blood cell formation) occurs in red bone marrow

covers spongy bone, it is dense and provides strength

the structural unit of cmopact bone

mature blasts that live in lacunae

consists of osseous matrix arrranged in a lattic work of little beams called trabecula

osteogenesis, ossification

the formation of flat bones and some short or irregular ones. the fibrous membrane model of the future bone is ossified

long and some short bones are formed this way, inolves ossifying a hyaline cartilage model of the bone

(from thyroid) inhibits oseteoclasts therefore it slows reabsorption and encourages calcium salt deposit in the bone matrix

(from parathyroid glands) incresases both the number and activity level of osteoclasts, therefore it accelerates the release of ca+ from bon

necessary for normal chondrocyte and osteoclast functioning

essential for collagen formation

necessary for the absorption of calcium everywhere

necessary for the absorption of calcium everywhere

childhood disease due to insufficient vitiman D, thus cartilage does not get calcified. bones are soft and malformed

adult version of rickets. same cause but in adult bones the result is demineralized and brittle bones

all infectious bone disorders

characterized by a decreases in bone mass, generally age related and there is a decrease in activity of osteoblasts. results in porous britt

broken blood vessels result in inflammation and blood clotting

fibroblasts ccreate granulation tissue across the broken gap, meanwhile osteoblasts migrate in and begin creating spongy bone

continuation of calcification into spongy bone (2-3 months)

turning spongy bone into compact and removal of excess callus

bones are tied together by fibrous tissue with little or no space between them

there is a cartilage bridge between bones ( joints that bend or flex)

the bones are separated by a fluid filled synovial joint cavity

outer layer of a synovial joint that is tough, it holds the bones together while permitting movement

lines cavity, secretes synovial fluid which cushions, lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage

damage

inflammation of

fibrocartilage shock absorbers between the vertebrae

outer ring or covering of fibrocaritlage that holds the intervertebral disk in shape and the bones together

sof pulpy semi-fluid shock absorbin core of intervertebral disks

an excessive compression ruptures the annulus fibrosis allowing the pulposus to bulge ou and extert pressure on the spinal cord and nerves

dislocation of a joint

stretching and or tearing of a joint's ligaments

over stretching of a muscle, less severe than a sprain

mucous membrane lined cavaties in the skull, many are open into nasal passages and thus to infection

generic term reffering to many different diseases which have inflammation in common, pain and stiffness in a synovial joint.

minor inflammation, a result of wear and tear, cartlae damage and resulting mineralization of articular cartilage, mostly weight bearing joi

goes through stages beginning with inflammation of the synovial membranes and possibly progressing to ossification of the joint, auto-immune

metabolic disorder in which uric acid crystals build up in soft tissues around joints

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus (neural or hormonal)

ability to forcibly shorten

ability to be stretched or extended when pulled

ability to return to original length after contracting or being stretched

outermost dense connective tissue wrapping, binds muscle into functional groups while separating them from eachother

continuation of epimysium, bundles up groups of muscle cells

a muscle cell

the fiber's plasma membrane

the fiber's cytoplasm

a tubular network found insider a fiber, it surrounds and contracts all the individual myofibirils

connects the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reiticulum (rus transversely through a fiber)

thin myofilaments made mostly of a protein

thick myofilaments

the ends where actin is attached

region where there is only actin and the z line

middle region where there is only myosin

electrical potential energy which is due to the seperation of oppositely charged particles

a nerve cell which stimulates muscle tissue

the end of a motor neuron nd that portion of the sarcolemma it contracts

the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers which it stimulates

the weakest stimulus from a neuron which will inititate a contraction

once stimulated muscle fibers contract completely, there are no partial contactions

force produced by a muscle when it contracts

the force exerted on a muscle by a weight

muscle contraction where the tension is sufficient to move the load

one in which the tension develops but resistance is too great and contraction is minimal

the response of a muscle to a single, brief, threshold stimulus

degeneration and loss of muscle mass. a state of wasting away

an increase in size of the fibers due to increased demand, more myofibrils, etc. are produced

a red pigmented molecule found in muscle fibers, it stores oxygen until the mitochondria need it for ATP synthesis

high o2 storage fibers, slow ATP use, no lactic acid build up. very resistant to fatigue

produce ATP anaerobically, low myoglobin, fast ATP use, lactic acid from glycolysis (easily fatigued) forceful

medium in resistance to fatiugue, sprinting muscles

a tear or separation in a muscle wall, allowing organs/tissues to prodrude out. usually in the abdominal wall or diaphram

worms that live in the endo/perimysium, comes from undercooked meat

bacterial infection generally from canned (contaminated food)

viral infection of central nervous system

diseases which produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration

skeletal muscle becomes weak and easily fatigued due to a motor end plate abnormality. stimulus receptors are blocked or destroyed