Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

All animals have virtually the same bone stress, due to _ vs. _

Upright stance supported by columnar legs

Biomechanical term for the relationship between two lever arms

A "low-gear" muscle; originates at the ischium and inserts at the medial epicondyle, femur, tibia

A "high gear" muscle; originates at the iliac crest, and sacral/first caudalvertebrae,inserts at the greater trochanter of femur

Functional unit of a muscle fiber

Thick filaments in a muscle fiber

Thin filaments in a muscle fiber

Connecting proteins in a muscle fiber

Membrane surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers

A group of muscle fiber bundles held together

Membrane surrounding a fasicle

Membrane surrounding a muscle; connective layers high in collagen

Ratio of neurons per fasicle; determines fineness of muscle control

Muscles that exert more force typically have _ nerves in them

Force is proportional to the _ of a muscle

Short, obliquely-arranged fasicles with a high cross sectional area typically exert _ force

Fewer, larger fibers in a fasicle creates much more space for...

Red muscle fiber with lots of mitochondria/myoglobin, smaller size, lower force, lessglycogen, and less susceptibility to fatigue

Intermediate muscle fiber with moderate levels of myoglobin/mitochondria, larger size, and moderate force

White muscle with low mitochondria/myoglobin, much larger size, much greater force, very high levels of glycogen, and higher fatigue

Predominant type of muscle fiber in herps due to an inefficient cardiovascular system

Muscle fiber that provides postural/spinal support

On Hill's force/velocity curve, force _ as velocity _

Force x Distance =

Muscle groups located on the ventral side of a vertebrate

Muscle groups located on the dorsal side of a vertebrate

Transversus, internal oblique, and oblique extremus profundus are all _ muscles

Narrow structure at the base of the tail in a large, fast pelagic fish i.e. tuna

Modified to become supraspinatus in mammals, supports scapula

Muscle group consisting of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres major

Superficial muscle for "cruising" in fish

Lattice pattern of myomeres in fish for fast movement

Smallest known input lever/ gear ratio in vertebrates

Mass/spring mechanism in humans

Knee, hip, sacroiliac, and lumbar body are all examples of _ in humans

In double-loop circulation, the _ circuit travels through the lungs

In double-loop circulation, the _ circuit travels through the body

The _ gland in humans resembles a Valentine's Day heart shape

The _ and _ nodes are found in the right atrium

Vena cavas empty into here

Right atrium empties into here

Pulmonary vein empties into here

The left atrium empties into here

The left ventricle empties into here

Animal with semilunar valve and conus arteriosus in its heart

Animal with enlarged ventricle and bulbus arteriosus in its heart

Fishes that retain a connection between the swim bladder and the gut, allowing filling by gulping air

Fish that have no connection between the swim bladder and the gut

Animal that has an atrioventricular plug, a partial interventricular septum, and a spiral valve in its heart

In an amphibian embryo, branchial arch _ develops into a lung

Systemic and pulmonary blood mix when blood from the _ combines with blood from the heart in a lungfish, causing a _

Muscular layer at the base of a heart, surrounding the ventricles

Grooves in the myocardium of an amphibian which allow stratification of oxygenated/de-oxygenated blood

Amphibians have _ chambered hearts

The mingling of systemic and pulmonary circuits in amphibians allows them to recycle _ blood, while_

The axial skeleton elements are too coupled to the lungs of a lizard to allow breathing while _

The subclavian in mammals vs. birds is _

In an alligator heart: cog-like teeth that completely close and force blood out of the pulmonary trunk, shuts off blood flow to lungs

During _: send de-oxygenated blood towards gut to aid in digestion

Becomes ligamentum arteriosum in mammals

Connects ductus arteriosus to other arteries in fetal mammal

In alligator heart: connects right and left systemic aortae

Alligator heart: connects to right ventricle during held breath, but closed off and connected only to foramen of Panizza during breathing

Arches 1 through 6 in sharks

Arches 2 through 6 in teleosts

Arches 3 and 4 in amphibians

Arch 6 in amphibians

Arch 3 in sauropsids

Arch 4 in sauropsids

Arch 6 in sauropsids

Arch 3 in birds

Arch 4 in birds

Arch 6 in birds

Arch 3 in mammals

Arch 4 in mammals

Arch 6 in mammals

Tributary of an artery that serves a capillary bed

Tributary of a vein that serves a capillary bed

Valve in a capillary bed that closes to cause shunting

Opposing flow of venous & arterial blood that allows better heating of extremities

Cartilaginous ring around trachea

Soft tissue layer lining interior of trachea

Glands in submucosa

Muscle on posterior side of trachea

The right lung has _ lobes

The left lung has _ lobes

Lungs are _ to allow full use of lung capacity

Membrane that facilitates breathing in a tidal lung

Muscles that facilitate breathing in a tidal lung

Muscles that affect tidal respiration in 3 dimensions

Gill covering in a teleost

Opposing gradient in oxygen between blood and a medium

Lung with random, spongy organization, found in lungfish

Lung divided into brancioles & lobes, etc., more efficient, found in amniotes

Smooth region in posterior end of a snake's lung

Bone in archosauria that pulls on the viscera and opens the lungs

Acts as a resonating chamber in trumpeter swan

Cavity that extends into humerus from lungs in birds

Forward air sac in birds

Tubes that allow constant air flow during inhalation and exhalation in birds

Process that takes place in parabronchi

Structure in whales that is modified into frontal and vestibular sacs

Structure in pineal gland that determines day length and produces melatonin

Skull opening in some reptiles that sends light signals to epithalamus

Outer membrane of eyeball

Ligaments that control lens focus

Structure attached to suspensory ligaments

Fluid in eyeball interior

Inner layer of eyeball, contains rod & cone cells

Fluid between cornea and pupil

Layer protecting front of eye

Contractile ring controlling light into pupil

Found in center of choroid, sensitive to color and used in detecting details

Middle of the choroid

Found throughout choroid, multiple ones are innervated by a single neuron, hence lower resolution and no color vision

Row of pits on the side of a fish with ciliated hair cells

Stony body attached to ciliated hair cells in fish, tells orientation in water via gravity

Hard structure of an otolith

Originates at the deltoid ridge of the humerus, the axial border of the scapula, and the shaft of the humerus; inserts at the olecranon

Originates at the axial border of the scapula, inserts at the medial surface of the humerus

Originates at femur & and tendon plantaris, inserts at calcaneus

Originates at zygomatic arch, inserts at mandible

Originates at lamboidal crest of zygomatic process of frontal bone, inserts at coronoid process of mandible

Origin of the semimembranosis

The semimembranosus inserts at the medial _, _, and proximal _

The temporalis originates at the _ crest of the _ process of the _ bone

The temporalis inserts at the _ process of the _

The teres major originates at the _ border of the _

The teres major inserts at the _ surface of the _

The triceps originates at the _ border of the _

Isertion point of the triceps

The gluteus medius originates at the _ crest and the _ vertebrae

Insertion point for the gluteus medius

Origin of the masseter

Insertion point of the masseter

Originate from interbrachial septum, full of capillaries to absorb oxygen into blood

Originate from primary lamellae