Lymphatic System

Chapter 16

107 cards·by browncl4

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The lymphatic system is a vast collection of cells and biochemicals that travel in _________.

lymphatic vessels

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that assist in_________.

circulating fluids

In the lymphatic vessels the walls are similar but______.

thinner than those of veins

Lymphatic vessels are composed of what three layers?

An endotheliel lining (inner), Smooth muscle (middle) and Connective tissue (Outer)

Lymphatic vessels are larger vessels that lead to_________ and then to larger________.

nodes and lymphatic trunks

Lymphatic capillary ->____->____->____->______->_____->_____->

Afferent lymphatic vessel, Lymph node, Efferent lymphatic vessel, lymphatic vessel, lymphatic trunk, collecting duct, and subclavian vein

_______ is capillary blood pressure that filters water and small molecules from the plasma.

Tissue Fluid Formation

In Tissue Fluid Formation the resulting flluid has ________ as plasma.

much the same consistency

In Tissue Fluid Formation the resulting flluid _____________.

contains water and dissolved substances

In Tissue Fluid Formation the resulting flluid contains smaller________.

proteins which create osmotic pressure (draws back into capillaries)

Tissue Fluid Formation leads to ________.

Lymph Formation

In Lymph Formation________,=formation of tissue fluid.

filtration exceeds reabsorption

In Lymph Formation increased pressure in lymphatic capillaries=_______.

lymph formation

The Lymph Formation process prevents accumulation of excess tissue fluid or _______.

edema

Edema is ______.

swelling formation of tissue filling

Tear duct fluid is __________by lymphatic system.

taken out

In capillary microcirculation little_______.

comes in through osmosis

In capillary microcirculation it comes out through______.

hydrostatic

In _________pressure of tissue fluid pushes the lymph into the lymphatic capillaries.

Lymph Movement

In Lymph Movement muscle activity largely influences the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels via:_________.

Action of skeletal muscles,Respiratory movements,Smooth muscle in the largerlymphaticvessels,Smooth muscle in the larger lymphatic vessels

In Lymph Movement muscle activity largely influences the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels also via:_________.

Valves in the lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes or lymph glands are_____________.

located along the lymphatic pathways

Lymph nodes contain______________to fight invading pathogens.

lymphocytes and macrophages

The lymphatic system transports________.

excess fluid away from the interstital spaces(extra-cellular)

The lymphatic system also transports________.

fluid to the bloodstream

The lymphatic system helps_______.

defend the body against diseases

The lymphatic fluid is called____.

lymph

The lymphatic trunks drain________.

lymph from the lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic vessels and collecting ducts are named for the regions they serve as____________.

lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronmediastinal, subclavian and jugular

Lymph nodes are found in groups or chains along the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body, including the:

Cervical, Axillary, Supratrochlear and Inguinal regions; Pelvic, Adominal and Thoracic cavities

What is one primary function of lymph nodes?

to filter potentially harmful particles from the lymph

The second primary fuction of the lymph is to monitor body fluids (_________).

(immune surveillance)

Along with red bone marrow, the lymph nodes are centers for______ _______.

lymphocyte production

Lymph nodes are the _______ and________for fighting disease.

physical and chemical function

___and_____ are two other lymphatic organs with functions similar to those of the lymph nodes

Thymus and Spleen

The spleen is the _______lymphatic organ.

largest

The spleen is located in the _______.

upper left adominal quadrant

The spleen has _______.

sinuses filled with blood

What two types of tissue does the spleen contain?

white pulp (lymphocytes) and red pulp (red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages)

The thymus is _________.

larger in infancy and during puberty

The thymus is _______in an adult.

small

The thymus is replaced by________.

connective tissue in the elderly

The thymus is the site of __________production.

T lymphocyte (or T cell)

The thymus secretes____________.

protein hormones called thymosins

The presence and multiplication of a ______ in the body may cause an infection.

pathogen

What are pathogens?

disease causing agents and bacteria, viruses, complex microorganisms, and spores of multicellular organisms

The body can prevent entry of pathogens or destroy them with defense mechanisms such as:

Innate defenses

What are innate defenses?

general defenses

General defenses are ______ and _______.

viral and bacterial

General Defenses protect against many ______.

pathogens

General defenses are _________.

nonspecific

What is species resistance?

refers to a given type of organism, or species, that develops diseases unique to it

What are some specie resistance examples?

mice resistance to poisons, H1N1 (swine and avain) H5N1- current problem, influenza killed 50-100 million in 1918 and Contagion

The________ create mechanical barriers.

skin and mucous membranes

Mechanical barriers are considered the _____ of defense.

1st line

All other nonspecific defenses are part of the________of defense.

second line

Enzymes in body fluids provide a chemical barrier to pathogens, and they may include:

interferons, defensins, collectins, and complement

________=peptides and stimulate phagocytosis.

Interferons

_______=peptides which fight bacteria, fungi, and some viruses.

Defensins

_____=broad protection against bacteria, yeast and some viruses.

Collectins

_____infere with body capability to replicate.

Interferons

citokinds released to ______.

fight infections

What are phagocytes?

solids that ingulf something to do multiple things

What are phagocytes?

solids that ingulf something to do multiple things

What is phagocytosis?

liquid

______cuts open cell, which is a function of a________.

licing and complement

_____ are lymphocytes.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

NK fight viruses and cancer by ________.

secreting cytolytic substances called perforins

NK may also enhance ________.

inflamation

NK is larger than _______.

B or T cells

What does inflammation produce?

local redness, swelling, heat and pain

Inflammation reponse is the same for ____, _____, and _______.

injury, viral, bacterial

In inflammation capillaries ______.

dilate

In inflammation _______ & _______ activated or recruited.

macrophages & leukocytes

In inflammation ____ are secreted.

cytokines

Inflammation is induced by ____.

histamines

_____ removes foreign particles from the lymph.

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes are also in the _____________.

blood vessels and in the tissues of the spleen, liver or bone marrow.

_________=chemicals attract these phagocytic cells to the injury.

Chemotaxis

_______begins when an infection stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete a substance called _______.

Fever and interleukin-1 (IL-1)

________get upon the hypothalmus-"resets"______.

interleukin and thermostat

_____ is increased white blood cells.

Fever

_____ increased T cells.

Fever

Adaptive (specific) defenses or immunity is a _______ of defense (mechanical/chemical)

3rd line

Adaptive (specific) defenses or immunity it is based on the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body (_________).

"self" from "nonself"

Adaptive (specific) defenses or immunity are antigens that are molecules that can elicit an _________.

immune response

Adaptive defenses or immunity are _____ and _______.

lymphocytes and very specific

Antigens may be:_____,______,_____ & _____.

Proteins, Polysaccharides, Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

The most effective antigens are ________.

large and complex

An antigen is a_______.

epitope (lock and key)

T cell activation requires ________.

antigen-presenting cell

T cell and Cellular Immune Response requires________ complex (MHC) or _____(HLA) to recognize "non-self"

major histcompatibility or humanleukocyteantigen

T cell and Cellular Immune Response have T cells that synthesize and secrete polypeptides called_____.

cytokines

Types of specialized T cells include:

Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, and Memory T cells

B cells can be activated when an ______fits the shape of it's receptor.

antigen

Most of the time B cell activation requires____.

T cells

T cells release_____that stimulate B cells.

cytokines

Some B cells may become ___________.

memory B cells

Some B cells produc and secrete_______(antibodies)

immunoglobulins

What are some sucessfully transplanted tissue and organs?

Cornea, Kidney, Liver, Pancreas, Heart, Bone Marrow and Skin

Transplantation and Tissue Rejection resembles_______.

the cellular immune response against antigens

Transplantation and Tissue Rejection is important when_____ .

matching MHC antigens

_______drugs are used to prevent tissue rejection.

immunosuppressive

The immune system______ early in life as the thymus gland shrinks(only 25% as powerful as it once was)

declines

In life span changes there is a _________.

higher risk of infection

In life span changes elderly may not be candidates for certain medical treatments that supress________.

immunity

What happens in Autoimmunity?

The immune system fails to distinguish "self" from "non-self"