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Female Reproduction
Everything you should know about the female reproduction system.
80 cards·by bpkstumpf@yahoo.com
systemsreproductionzoologyfemalephysiologyanatomy
What are the primary sex organs of the female reproductive system?
the ovaries
What are the accessory organs of the female reproductive system?
Internal reproductive organs (except the ovaries) and external reporductive organs.
The ovaries are....?
solid, ovoid structures.
Where are the ovaries located?
In shallow depressions in each side in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity.
Ligaments help hold...?
each ovary in place.
What is the broad ligament attached to?
The uterus and uterine tubes.
The suspensory ligament is...?
A ligament that holds ovarian blood vessels and nerves.
The ovarian ligament is...?
A cordlike ovary that anchors and ovary to the uterus.
The medulla of an ovary is ___ _____ ______.
the inner region
The cortex of an ovary is ___ _____ ______.
the outter region
What is the ovarian medulla composed of?
Loose connective tissue, and conatins blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers.
What does the ovarian cortex consist of?
More compact tissue and has a granular apperance due to tiny masses of cells called ovarian
follicles.
What is the germinal epithelium of an ovary?
A layer of cuboidal epithelial cells that covers the free surface of the ovary.
What is the tunica albuginea?
It is a layer of dense connective tissue just beneath the germinal epithelium.
When do primordial folicles form?
During prenatal development.
What does a primordial follicle consist of?
A primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells called follicular
cells.
Early in development, the primary oocytes begin to undergo _______, but the process halts
until ___ __________ _______ _______.
meiosis, the individual reaches puberty
Of the million or so primordial follicles present at birth, only about ______ are left by the
time of puberty.
400,000
At puberty, some promary oocytes are stimulated to continue _______.
meiosis
Oogenesis is the process of...?
Egg cell formation
What does the division of a primary oocyte result in?
A secondary oocyte and a polar body.
A large secondary oocyte represents what...?
A future egg cell
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, what will it divide into?
A large fertilized egg and a tiny second polar body.
A zygote develops into an ______.
embryo
At puberty, the ________ _________ secretes increased amounts of ___ and the ovaries
_______.
anterior putuitary, FSH, enlarge
What happens when primordial follicles mature?
Oocytes within them enlarge and the surrounding follicular cells divide mitotically.
What are granulosa cells?
Stratified epithelial cells derived from follicular cells.
The zona pellucida is...?
A layer of glycoproteins that separates the primary oocyte from granulosa cells.
A primary follicle consists of...?
A primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells.
What is the inner vascular layer composed of?
Steriod secreting cells, loose connective tissue and blood vessels.
What does the outer fibrous layer consist of?
Tightly packed connective tissue cells.
What is an antrum?
A space within a secondary follicle.
A secondary follicle consists of...?
An antrum, a primary oocyte and granulosa cells.
A mature follicle consists of...?
A large fluid filled antrum that buldges outwards on the surface of the ovary, a secondary
oocyte and a granulosa cells.
As many as __ primary follicles may begin to mature at the same time.
20
The dominant follicle is the follicle that...?
outgrows the other follicles
What does ovulation release?
A secondary oocyte.
Ovulation is triggered by __.
LH
After ovulation, the secondary oocyte and some follicular cells are...?
Propelled to the opening of a nearby uterine tube.
If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it will __________.
degenerate
The internals accessory organs of the female reproductive system are...?
A pair of uterine tubes, a uterus and a vagina.
Uterine tubes are suspended by what?
Portions of the broad ligament.
Where are uterine tubes located?
Between the ovaries and uterus.
What is the infundibulum of a uterine tube?
An expansion of the uterine tube near the ovary.
________ are branched extensions on the margins of an infundibulum.
Fimbriae
What are the walls of the uterine tubes composed of?
An inner mucosal layer, a middle muscular layer and an outer covering of peritoneum.
What do the cilia of the uterine tubes function to do?
Transport an egg down uterine tubes.
How does the egg move down a uterine tube?
Ciliary action and peristaltic contractions of the uterine tube's muscular layer.
What are the functions of the uterus?
The receive the embryo and sustain its development.
What is the broad ligament?
A structure that attaches to the ovaries and uterine tubes, and extends from the lateral walls
of the uterus to the pelvic floor.
What is the round ligament?
A flattened band of tissue within the broad ligament that connects the upper end of the uteris
to the anterior pelvic wall.
Where is the uterus located?
Medially withing the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity, and is uaually bent forward over
the urinary bladder.
What is the size of the uterus in the nonpregnant state?
Approx. 7 cm long and 5 cm wide.
The body of the uterus is...?
The upper two-thirds of the uterus.
The fundus of the uterus is...?
The dome shaped top of the uterus.
The ______ is the lower one-third of the uterus.
cervix
The three layers of the wall of the uterus are what?
The inner endometrium, middle myometrium, and the outer perimetrium.
The ___________ is the inner mucosal layer lining the uterine cavity.
endometrium
The __________ is a very thick, muscular layer, largely composed of bundles of smooth muscle
fibers.
myometrium
The ___________ is an outer serosal layer of the uterus.
perimetrium
The vagina is located...?
Inferior tot he uterus, posterior the the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.
The functions of the vagina are...?
Convey uterine contractions, receive the erect penis during sexual intercourse and provide
an open channel for the offspring during birth.
________ of the vagina are the recesses between the vaginal wall and the cervix.
Fornices
The _____ of the vagina is a thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal orifice.
hymen
The three layers of the vaginal wall are...?
Mucosal layer, muscular layer and fibrous layer
The _______ layer is the inner vaginal lining compose of stratified aquamous epithelium.
mucosal
The ________ layer is the middle vaginal layer composed of smoother muscle fibers.
muscular
The _______ layer is the outer vaginal layer composed of dense connective tissue interlaces
with elastic fibers.
fibrous
What are the external accessory organs of the female reporductive system?
The labia majora, labia minora, clitoris and vestibular glands.
What are the glands that regulate the female reproductive system?
The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and ovaries.
In a female, the hypothalamus begins to secrete ____ around puberty.
GnRH
___ & __ function to control female sex cell maturations and the production of female sex
hormones.
FSH, LH
Ovaries, adrenal cortices and the placenta (during pregnancy) secrete _________ &
____________.
estrogens, progesterone
''What causes development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
maturation of female sex cells
What causes development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics,
maturation of female sex cells, and changes that occur duri
GnRH
Estrogens stimulate
enlargement of accessory organs, stimulates the endometrium to thicken, and control the
development of female secondary sex characteristics.
Female secondary sex characteristics are
development of breasts and mammary glands, increased deposition of adipose tissue in
breasts, thighs, and buttocks, and increased vasculariz
The functions of androgens in the female are
to promote growth of pubic and axillary hair.
The actions of progesterone are
to promote changes in the uterus during female reproductive cycles, to affect the mammary
glands, and to help regulate secretions of Gonadot
The anterior pituitary gland secretes ___ & __.
FSH, LH