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chemistry: electrolysis
92 cards·by hollylouisee.x
what is the pH scale?
a measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is
the lower the pH of a solution...
the more acidic it is
the higher the pH of a solution...
the more alkaline it is
pH of a neutral solution?
7
what numbers are the pH scale?
0-14
example of a solution with a pH scale of 0?
stomach acid (HCl), car battery acid (H2SO4)
example of a solution with a pH scale of 3?
vinegar, lemon juice
example of a solution with a pH scale of 4?
acid rain
example of a solution with a pH scale of 5?
normal rain
example of a neutral solution?
pure water
solution with a pH of 8/9?
washing up liquid
solution with a pH of 10?
pancreatic juice
solution with a pH of 11?
soap powder
solution with a pH of 12?
bleach
solution with a pH of 13/14?
drain cleaner
how can you measure the pH of a solution?
universal indicator
what is an acid?
substance that forms aqueous solutions with a pH of less than 7
what do acids from H+ ions in?
water
what do acids form in water?
H+ ions and protons
what is a base?
a substance with a pH greater than 7
what is an alkali?
a base that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH greater than 7
what do alkalis form in water?
OH- ions
what do alkalis form OH- ions in?
water
what is the reaction between acids and alkalis called?
neutralisation
what is the neutralisation equation?
acid + base --> salt + water
neutralisation equation in symbols?
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) --> H20 (l)
pH of a neutralised solution?
7
acids ... in aqueous solutions
ionise
strong acids ionise ... in water
completely
weak acids do/do not ionise fully in solution
do not
ionisation of a weak acid is a ... reaction
reversible
if the concentration of H+ ions in acid is higher, the rate of reaction will be ...
faster
strong acids are more ... than weak acids of the same concentration
reactive
metal + acid -->
salt + hydrogen
metal oxide + acid -->
salt + water
metal hydroxide + acid -->
salt + water
metal carbonate + acid -->
salt + water + carbon dioxide
metal oxides and hydroxides are ..
alkalis
what is the reactivity series?
list of metals in order of their reactivity towards other substances
when metals react with water or acid they ... electrons
lose
when metals react with water or acid they form ...
positive ions
how to extract potassium
electrolysis
how to extract sodium
electrolysis
how to extract lithium
electrolysis
how to extract calcium
electrolysis
how to extract aluminium
electrolysis
how to extract zinc
heat with carbon
how to extract iron
heat with carbon
how to extract lead
heat with carbon
how to extract copper
heat with carbon
how to extract silver
melting and extracting it to leave rock
how to extract gold
melting and extracting it to leave rock
how to extract platinum
melting and extracting it to leave rock
metal + water -->
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
what does OIL RIG stand for?
oxidation is loss (of electrons) reduction is gain (of electrons)
what is oxidation?
gain of oxygen, loss of electrons
what is reduction?
loss of oxygen, gain of electrons
if electrons are transferred it's a ...
redox reaction
what is a redox reaction?
when oxidation and reduction happen at the same time
what is a displacement reaction?
when a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound
in displacement reactions it is always the metal ions that ...
gains electrons and is reduced
in displacement reactions it is always the metal atoms that ...
lose electrons and is oxidised
what does electrolysis mean
splitting up with electricity
what is the cathode
negative electrode
what is the anode
positive electrode
in electrolysis the positive ions go towards the ...
cathode
electrons are ... at the cathode
gained
in electrolysis the negative ions go towards the ...
anode
electrons are ... at the anode
lost
what is created as ions travel at the electrodes?
a flow of charge
where and how is aluminium extracted from?
bauxite ore by electrolysis
half equations show reactions at the ...
electrodes
for half equations, the number of electrons need to be ... for each
the same
what happens when lithium reacts with water?
floats, fizzes, moves around on surface
what happens when sodium reacts with water?
floats, fizzes rapidly, moves around quickly on surface
what happens when potassium reacts with water?
floats, fizzes rapidly, moves around quickly, catches fire and gives off sparks
how to write ionic equations
1. balanced symbol equation 2. split ionic compounds to ions 3. ignore ions that are same on
both sides 4. check atoms and charges balance
what is an anion?
negative ion attracted to the anode
what is a cation?
positive ion attracted to the cathode
what is a half equation?
an equation with electrons in it
does reduction happen at the cathode or anode?
cathode
does oxidation happen at the anode or cathode?
anode
what is ionic bonding
metal bonded to a non metal
what is covalent bonding
non metal bonded to a non metal
what is metallic bonding
metal bonded to a metal
what flame colour is lithium
red
what flame colour is sodium
orange
what flame colour is potassium
lilac
at the cathode hydrogen is produced if ... otherwise the metal is produced
the metal is above hyrdogen in the reactivity series
at the anode oxygen is produced unless the anion is a
halide ion
what is the top number on the periodic table
relative atomic mass
what is the bottom number on the periodic table
atomic (proton) number